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General Veterinary Microbiology > Lesson 14: Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

Lesson 14: Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is the science of heredity

A

genetics

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2
Q

it includes the study of genes and information it carries

A

genetics

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3
Q

is the genetic information that a cell carry that includes chromosomes and plasmid

A

genome

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4
Q

are containing DNA that carry hereditary information

A

chromosomes

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5
Q

carry the genes

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

are segments of DNA that code for functional products

A

Genes

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7
Q

is a macromolecule composed of repeating units called ____________.

A

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid

Nucleotides

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8
Q

What is genetics?

A

✓ science of heredity
✓ study of genes and information it carries

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9
Q

genetic information that a cell carry that includes?

A

chromosomes and plasmid

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10
Q

are segments of DNA that code for functional products except?

A

RNA viruses

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11
Q

what are the nitrogenous base?

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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12
Q

deoxyribose

A

pentose sugar

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13
Q

each nucleotide consist of what?

A

nitrogenous base, deoxyribose, phosphate group

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14
Q

the cell DNA exist as long strands of nucleotides twisted together in pairs to form a?

A

double helix

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15
Q

base pair of thymine

A

adenine

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16
Q

base pair of cytosine

A

guanine

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17
Q

these strands have two designated ends called?

A

5’ and 3’ (5 prime end and 3 prime end

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18
Q

which joins a phosphate group that attaches to another nucleotide

A

5’ or 5 prime end

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19
Q

it is important during replication the new nucleotide is added to this end

A

3’ or 3 prime end

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20
Q

genetic makeup of an organism that codes for all its characteristics. It is the collection of genes.

A

Genotype

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21
Q

is the actual expressed properties of an organism or the MANIFESTATION OF A GENOTYPE

A

phenotype

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22
Q

Due to this advancement in microbiology that some important diseases like ___________ were investigated and tracked around the world

A

west nile virus

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23
Q

the flow of genetic information from one generation to the next is made possible through the?

A

DNA replication, or mRNA transcription

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24
Q

the two strands uncoil and permanently separate from each other

A

DNA replication

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25
Q

The base sequence of parent or old strand directs the base sequence of new or daughter strand

A
  • If there is Adenine in the parent or old strand, complementary thymine will be added to the new strand.
  • If there is Cytosine in the parent or old strand, complementary Guanine will be copied into the new daughter strand
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26
Q

before the DNA synthesis begins, both the parental strands must unwind due to an enzyme called?

A

topoisomerase or gyrase

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27
Q

short sequences of RNA, around 10 nucleotides in length

A

Primers

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28
Q

synthesizes the primers

A

primase

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29
Q

New nucleotides are added one by one to the end of growing strand by an enzyme called?

A

DNA polymerase

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30
Q

the strand, which is synthesized in the same direction as the replication fork is known as the?

A

leading strand

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31
Q

the strand being synthesized in the other direction

A

lagging strand

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32
Q

the polymerase has to synthesise one fragment of DNA thus creating many fragments as it moves towards the replication form. these fragments are known as?

A

Okazaki fragments

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33
Q

Okazaki fragments named after the scientist, who discovered them

A

Reiji Okazaki

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34
Q

used to make proteins that controls cell activities

A

information in a DNA

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35
Q

wherein genetic information in DNA is copied or transcribed into a complimentary base sequence of RNA

A

Transcription

36
Q

The encoded information is then used by cell to synthesize protein

A

translation

37
Q

synthesis of a complimentary strand of RNA from a DNA template

A

Transcription

38
Q

what are the three types of RNA in a bacterial cell?

A

✓ messenger RNA
✓ ribosomal RNA
✓ transfer RNA

39
Q

carries the coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

40
Q

RNA synthesis starts at a site in the strand called ___________ until it reaches a site on the DNA called __________.

A

promoter
terminator

41
Q

proteins synthesis is called?

A

translation

42
Q

it decodes and translates the genetic codes (codons) made during transcription into specific proteins which consists of a series of amino acids.

A

translation

43
Q

codes into a particular amino acid

A

sense codons

44
Q

signal the ends of protein synthesis thus it is called stop codons

A

nonsense codons

45
Q

site of translation

A

ribosomes

46
Q

is a regulatory mechanism that inhibits gene expression and decreases synthesis of enzymes.

A

repression

47
Q

is the process that turns on the transcription of a gene

A

induction

48
Q

is a change in the base sequence of a DNA which sometimes cause a change in the end-product (protein)

A

mutation

49
Q

types of mutation

A

✓ base mutation
✓ missense mutation
✓ frame-shift mutation

50
Q

(point mutation) a single base in one point of a DNA is replaced with another base.

A

base mutation

51
Q

happens when as a result of base mutation, an incorrect amino acid is inserted into the synthesized protein

A

missense mutation

52
Q

when one or a few nucleotide pairs are inserted or deleted in the DNA

A

frame-shift mutation

53
Q

are environmental agents that directly or indirectly cause mutations

A

mutagens

54
Q

Chemical Mutagens Examples;

A

✓ nitrous acid
✓ nucleoside analog
✓ aflatoxin

55
Q

exposure of bacteria to nitrous acid can convert the base adenine (A) to a form no longer unpairable with thymine at a random location

A

nitrous acid

56
Q

also have altered base-pairing property

A

nucleoside analog

57
Q

a frame-shift mutagen and also a potent carsinogen

A

aflatoxin

58
Q

Radiation Examples

A

✓ x-rays and gamma rays
✓ ultraviolet (uv) light

59
Q

are potent mutagens due to their ability to ionize atoms and molecules

A

X-rays and Gamma rays

60
Q

is harmful (at 260 nm wavelength) due to its ability to form covalent bonds between bases.

A

ultraviolet (uv) light

61
Q

due to UV light can be repaired by photolyases or light repair enzymes by destroying covalent bonds to return its original sequence

A

Ultraviolet (UV) light

62
Q

is the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on chromosome that results to a genetic diversity in a population.

A

genetic recombination

63
Q

occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring (plants and animals). parent to daughter

A

vertical gene transfer

64
Q

occurs in a bacteria in several ways. The transfer involves a donor cell that gives a portion of its DNA to a recipient cell

A

Horizontal gene transfer

65
Q

the recipient cell that incorporates donor DNA to its own DNA

A

recombinant

66
Q

Genetic recombination results from the three types of gene transfer; what are these?

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Conjugation
  3. Transduction
67
Q

is tha transfer of genes from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA in a solution.

A

Transformation

68
Q

mechanism by which genetic material is transferred by a plasmid. It Requires cell to cell contact, only donor cell must carry the plasmid

A

conjugation

69
Q

is a circular piece of DNA that replicates independently from the cells chromosome.

A

plasmid

70
Q

is a genetic transfer wherein bacteria DNA is transferred from a donor cell to recipient cell inside a virus that infects bacteria called BACTERIOPHAGE, OR PHAGE.

A

transduction

71
Q

is an extra chromosomal genetic element that is capable of autonomous replication in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell

A

Plasmid

72
Q

plasmids integrated with host chromosome are known as?

A

episomes

73
Q

Plasmid are present in both;

A

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

74
Q

transfer antibiotic resistant genes to some organism

A

R plasmids

75
Q

Many plasmids control medically important properties of pathogenic bacteria. These include;

A

a. resistance to one or several antibiotics
b. production of toxins
c. synthesis of cell surface structures required for adherence or colonization

76
Q

2 categories of plasmid

A
  1. transmissibility
  2. nature of plasmid
77
Q

cell to cell genetic transfer through conjugation. Responsible for synthesis of the sex pilus and for the synthesis of enzymes required for their transfer

A

transmissible

78
Q

empty of genes, thus unable to transfer

A

non-transmissible

79
Q

contains the genetic information, essential for controlling mating process of the bacteria during conjugation.

A

F factor

80
Q

F factor genes determine;

A

a. expression of pili
b. synthesis and transfer of DNA during mating
c. interference with the ability of F bacteria to serve as recipients
d. other example. Ex. F (fertility) plasmid of E. coli

81
Q

R factor consists of two components:

A

✓ the resistance transfer factor (RTF)
✓ resistant determinant (r)

82
Q

is responsible for conjugational transfer

A

(RTF) Resistance transfer factor

83
Q

carries resistance for one of the several antibiotics

A

r determinant

84
Q

resembles the F factor in promoting conjugation, leading to self-transfer and also at times transfer of segments of chromosomes

A

col factor

85
Q

encodes for production of colicins, which are antibiotics-like substances that are specifically and selectively lethal to other enteric bacteria

A

col factor

86
Q

col factor also encode for production of;

A

✓ diphthericin and pyocyanin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and pseudomonas pyocyanea

General Veterinary Microbiology (17 decks)

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