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Microbiology > Lesson 8 > Flashcards

Lesson 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

• procaryotic,unicellularorganisms
• usuallydivide by binary fission
• Cell wall contains peptidoglycan
or mucopeptide

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

three general shapes of bacteria:

A

1.coccus or berry
2.bacillus or rod
3.spirillum or spiral

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3
Q

When the rod is short and plump, it is
called _____&&?

A

coccobacillus

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4
Q

Bacillus or rod when it is gently curved?

A

vibrio

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5
Q

Bacteria that is spiral shaped?

A

spirillum or spiral

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6
Q

length( 0.5 to 1 μm) in diameter and may pointed at
the end

A

Coccus/Cocci

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7
Q

Cocci by pair

A

(Diplococcus)

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8
Q

Cocci in chain

A

(Streptococcus)

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9
Q

In cubical packets of eight

A

(Sarcinae)

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10
Q

Cocci in irregular clusters

A

(Staphylococcus)

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11
Q

Example of (Diplococcus) bacteria ?

A

Neisseria gonorrheae
and D. salivarious

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12
Q

Example of (streptococcus) bacteria?

A

S. pneumoniae

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13
Q

Example of (Sarcinae) Bacteria?

A

S. ventriculi

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14
Q

Example of (Staphylococcus) bacteria?

A

S.
aureus

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15
Q

Rod shape: Bacillus occur as slender rod?

A

Salmonella
typhi (typhoid fever)

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16
Q

Rod shape: Bacillus that is rectangle with square ends as
anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

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17
Q

Rod shape: Bacillus that is some are curved ?

A

Vibrio cholerae

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18
Q

Shape of Bacteria that are Twisted rod that resemble a
cork screw

A

Spiral shape

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19
Q

Examples of spiral shapes bacteria

A

Spirochetes Treponema
pallidum (cause of syphilis)
and
• Leptospira (leptospirosis)

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20
Q

(only one species
but with variable shape)

A

Pleomorphic

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21
Q

rod shaped
but in culture they display
variations such as club-
shaped, swollen, curved,
filamentous and coccoid

A

Corynebacterium
diphtheriae

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22
Q

Actino means ?

A

ray

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23
Q

mykes means

A

fungi

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24
Q

(Mold like or filamentous bacteria
• Have elongated cells which have definite tendency to
branch to produce branched mycelium and multiply by
spores
• The cell structure, is procaryotic like the proper bacteria

A

Actinomycetes

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25
Q

–cause potato scab

A

Streptomyces scabies

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26
Q

cause
nocardiosis, an infection of the skin,
lungs and brain of humans

A

Nocardia asteroides

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27
Q

Beneficial actinomycetes that are source
of streptomycin antibiotic?

A

Streptomyces griseus

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28
Q

Beneficial
Actinomycetes that is source of tetracycline
antibiotic

A

Streptomyces aureofaciens

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29
Q

Beneficial
Actinomycetes that is source
of Nystatin- an antifungal
agent.

A

Streptomyces norsei

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30
Q

External Structures of the True
Bacteria that sprout from
surface of bacteria; not present in all species;

A

Appendages

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31
Q

Parts of true bacteria that provides motility?

A

(flagella and axial
filaments)

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32
Q

Parts of true bacteria that provides attachments or channels?

A

(fimbriae and pili)

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33
Q

Parts of appendages that confers motility or self-propulsion.

A

Flagella/Flagellum

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34
Q

Tyre or false .
Generally all spirilla, about half of the bacilli and a small
number of cocci are not flagellated.

A

False

Generally all spirilla, about half of the bacilli and a small
number of cocci are flagellated

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35
Q

flagella attached at one
or both ends of the cell?

A

polar arrangement

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36
Q

Bacteria with a single flagellum

A

monotrichous

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37
Q

Bacteria with small bunches or tufts of flagella
emerging from the same site e.g. Vibrio fischeri

A

lophotrichous

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38
Q

Bacteria with flagella at both poles of
the cell

A

amphitrichous

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39
Q

flagella
dispersed over surface of the cell
e.g. Escherichia coli

A

Peritrichous arrangement

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40
Q

no flagella

A

Atrichous

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41
Q

• a type of internal flagellum
• enclosed between the cell
wall and cell membrane;
• curlclosely around the
bacterium
• give spirochetes wriggly
mode of locomotion

A

Periplasmic flagella or
axial filaments

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42
Q

small, bristle-like fibers sprouting from
surface of many bacterial cells
• have tendency to stick to each other and to surfaces
• enable the bacteria to bind to specific receptor structures and
thereby to colonize specific surfaces.

A

fimbriae/fimbria

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43
Q

Appendages for Attachment
and Mating

A

fimbriae/fimbria
Pilus (sex pilus)
The Surface Coating

44
Q

• Elongate, rigid, tubular structure made up of protein called pilin
• Found only in Gram-negative bacteria
• Involved in the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another
during conjugation

A

Pilus (sex pilus)

45
Q

also known as glycocalyx
• made up of repeating polysaccharide units, protein or
both
• protects the cell or may cause it to adhere to its
environment
• differ among bacteria in thickness, organization
and chemical composition

A

The Surface Coating

46
Q

Two forms of glycocalyx

A

slime layer
capsule

47
Q

thin, loose soluble sheath
- protects bacteria from loss of water and
nutrients
- for adherence to surface

A

Slime layer

48
Q

What type of streptococcus that forms Whyte dental plaque on teeth due to surface slime?

A

Streptococcus mutans

49
Q

Bound more tightly to the cell than a slime layer encapsulated bacterial cells are more virulent because it protect the bacteria from phagocytes.

A

Capsules

50
Q

Bacteria have thick capsules which makes it tightly resistant to drugs.

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

51
Q

gives shape to the bacterium
• provides structural support that keeps bacterium from bursting or collapsing
because of changes in osmotic pressure.
• made up of peptidoglycan (PG) which in turn is made up of (alternating glycans,
N-acetyl glucosamine (G) and N-acetyl muramic acid(M) bound together in long
strands

A

Cell wall

52
Q

Cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan (PG) which in turn is made up of (alternating glycans, what is the alternating glycans?

A

N-acetyl glucosamine (G) and N-acetyl muramic acid(M)

53
Q

an enzyme that
degrades the peptidoglycan layer, or penicillin, an antibiotic that
prevent cell wall synthesis.

A

lysozyme

54
Q

Gram positive + lysozyme =

A

protoplast (cell wall completely removed)

55
Q

Gram negative + lysozyme =

A

spheroplast – only a part of cell wall is
removed

56
Q

What are bacteria that naturally lack cell
wall or cell wall-deficient bacteria;

A

Mycoplasma
Phytoplasma
Spiroplasma

57
Q

Bacteria that causes primary atypical pneumonia in humans.

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

58
Q

Bacteria that is (known as mycoplasma-like organisms
before) plants – that cause coconut lethal yellowing, little
leaf

A

Phytoplasma

59
Q

Bacteria that cause corn stunt and citrus decline

A

Spiroplasma

60
Q

• thin (5-10 nm) flexible sheet molded completely around the
cytoplasm
• composed of lipid bilayer with embedded protein
• regulate transport of substances into and out of the cell
• site for energy reactions, nutrient processing and
synthesis

A

The cell Membrane

61
Q

• found encased by the cell membrane
• gelatinous solution made up of water (70 – 80%), and a
complex mixture of nutrients including sugars, amino acids
and salts
• site for many biochemical and synthetic activities of the cell

A

The Cytoplasm

62
Q

Cytoplasm contains ?

A

Chromatin body
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Cell inclusion

63
Q

represents the
genetic material of bacteria which come
as single circular strand of DNA; found in
cell area called nucleoid

A

Chromatin body

64
Q

essential pieces of DNA
duplicated and passed on to offspring;
confer protective traits such as
resisting drugs and producing toxins
and enzymes

A

Plasmids

65
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

66
Q

• represent stored food like glycogen; in some aquatic
bacteria,
• they come as gas vesicles for buoyancy and flotation.
• Some contain crystals of inorganic compounds, termed
metachromatic granules

A

Cell inclusion

67
Q

• Dormant bodies produced by Bacillus, Clostridium and Sporosarcina
for withstanding adverse conditions and facilitating survival
• The depletion of nutrients, like adequate carbon or nitrogen source,
stimulates vegetative cell to begin endospore formation(6-8 hrs)

A

The bacterial endospores

68
Q

What are the bacterial pathogens are endospores former?

A

Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium tetani
C. perfringens
C. botulin

69
Q

Bacterial pathogens that cause anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

70
Q

A coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions. It may fit tightly or be very loose and diffuse.

A

Glycocalyx

71
Q

Composed of condensed DNA molecules. DNA directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins.

A

Bacterial chromosome or nucleoid

72
Q

Double-stranded DNA circle containing extra genes.

A

Plasmid

73
Q

An elongated, hollow appendage used in transfer of DNA to other cells.

A

Pilus

74
Q

Tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

75
Q

Long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cell membrane and contribute to the shape of the cell.

A

Actin cytoskeleton

76
Q

Specialized appendages attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long, rotating filament. The movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility.

A

Flagellum

77
Q

Fine, hair-like bristles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces.

A

Fimbriae

78
Q

Stored nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals or particles that can be tapped into when needed.

A

Inclusion/Granules

79
Q

A semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell.

A

Cell wall

80
Q

A thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool.

A

Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane

81
Q

Extra membrane similar to cell membrane but also containing lipopoly saccharide. Controls flow of materials and portions of it are toxic to mammals when released.

A

Outer membrane

82
Q

Dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions.

A

Endospores

83
Q

Dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions.

A

Endospores

84
Q

Water-based solution filling the entire cell.

A

Cytoplasm

85
Q

prokaryotic single-celled organisms belonging to
Domain Archaea

A

Archaea

86
Q

Archaea also known as ____?

A

Extremophiles

87
Q

Example of harsh environments where Achaea can sustain?

A

oceans, hot springs, marshlands, and gut of humans

88
Q

Archaea can sexually reproduce through _____&

A

binary fission,
fragmentation, or budding

89
Q

The reason why archaea belongs to the domain Eukarya rather than to bacteria

A

Archaea and eukaryotes share a number of
ribosomal RNA sequences that are not found in
bacteria

90
Q

Archaea contains __________ instead of peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

A

pseudo-peptidoglycan (pseudomurein)

91
Q

•strict anaerobes (live
without O2); convert CO2
and H2
into methane gas
(CH4
)
•important in biodegradation
of organic matter and most if
not all natural gas on Earth
has accumulated from their
metabolism

A

the methanogens (e.g.
Methanobacterium)

92
Q

True or false.

Methanobacterium are motile

A

False. Methanobacterium are nonmotile

93
Q

“salt-loving” or “ocean bacterium
• require oxygen and very large
amounts of salt (NaCl) for
metabolism and reproduction

A

The halophiles ( e.g.
Halobacterium)

94
Q

Shape and color of Halobacterium?

A

Either Rods or cocci, either red or purple

95
Q

Metabolism of Halobacterium?

A

aerobic metabolism

96
Q

Temperature of the environment that Halobacterium grows best?

A

42 degree Celsius

97
Q

high temperature loving
• flourish at temperatures between 80oC and 113oand
cannot grow at 50oC

A

hyperthermophiles

98
Q

Example of hyperthermophiles?

A

Thermoplasma acidophilum and Thermophilus

99
Q

• organisms are those that thrive under highly
acidic conditions (usually at pH 2.0 or below).

A

(Acidophiles) acidophilic organisms

100
Q

These organisms can be found members of
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

A

Acidophiles

101
Q

produced by extremophiles are useful in
industrial production procedures and research
applications because of their ability to remain active
under the severe conditions

A

Extremozymes

102
Q

Taq polymerase enzyme used in polymerase
chain reaction (PCR – a method of in vitro DNA
replication) is from what bacterium?

A

Thermos aquaticus

103
Q

A methane gas from Methanogens

A

Biofuel

104
Q

It may prove to be valuable bioremediation
agents for the treatment of saline effluents and
hypersaline waters contaminated with toxic compounds
that are resistant to degradation.

A

Halophiles

105
Q

One example there examoles is the metals such as gold, silver, copper, zinc,
nickel, and uranium. The organisms used in this process
are acidophiles.

A

Biomining

106
Q

Bacteria are producers of a host of
antibiotics, antifungals, and antitumor molecules. True or false

A

False. Extremophiles

Microbiology (8 decks)

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