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lesson 8 Flashcards

rarara

1
Q

any entity living or non-living that cause damage to crops

A

pests

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2
Q

What are the types of plant pests

A
  1. Plant Pathogens
  2. Insect Pests
  3. Weeds
  4. Mollusks
  5. Vertebrate Pests
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3
Q

disease causing organisms

A

Plant pathogens

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4
Q

Eukaryotes that may either be parasitic or saprophytic

A

Fungi

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5
Q

What do fungi produce which is like a thread-like structure?

A

mycelia and spores

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6
Q

Unicellular organisms that reproduce by binary

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

Neither living nor non-living entities

A

Viruses

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8
Q

What are viruses composed of?

A

nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat

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9
Q

When do viruses become active?

A

Upon invading a host cell, otherwise they are dormant

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10
Q

Threadlike worms that are commonly soil-borne and can penetrate the plant epidermis.

A

Nematodes

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11
Q

What are the ways on how plant pathogens enter a plant/

A
  • Wounds or natural openings like stomates and leaf scars
  • Plant epidermis
  • Insect vector
  • Dispersed when using infected planting materials
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12
Q

What are the modes of damages of plant pathogens

A
  • Kill the host cell or slow down their metabolism
  • Block the passage of food, water, and nutrients
  • Block sunlight on the surface of leaves or slow down the diffusion of gases
  • May consume the cell content
  • Viruses - take over the genetic control of plant cells to produce viral cells instead of host cells
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13
Q

What do viruses produce?

A

viral cell

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14
Q

evidences of the presence of the disease

A

Symptoms

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15
Q

used to determine the disease that the plant is suffering

A

Symptoms

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16
Q

proof of the presence of the pathogen on the infected plants

A

Signs

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17
Q

further confirm the presence of a disease in the plant

A

Signs

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18
Q

arthropods belonging to class of Insecta

A

Insects

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19
Q

How many body parts does a insect have?

A

3

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20
Q

What kind of appendages do insects have

A

jointed

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21
Q

How many pairs of legs does an insect have?

A

3

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22
Q

What does the nature of damage depend on?

A

Nature of damage

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23
Q

What kind of chewing insects have to feed directly on plant parts?

A

strong mandibles

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24
Q

What do sucking mouthparts serve as?

A

vectors of dieases

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25
Q

beetles and weevils

A

Coleoptera

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26
Q

grasshoppers, katydids, locusts, crickets

A

Orthoptera

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27
Q

butterflies and moths

A

Lepidoptera

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28
Q

fruit flies, whorl maggots

A

Diptera

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29
Q

bugs, aphids, cicadas, planthoppers, leaf hoppers, scale insects

A

Hemiptera

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30
Q

thrips

A

Thysanoptera

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31
Q

unwanted plants

32
Q

What is more fast growing, deeply rooted, resistant to pest and diseases and more tolerant conditions?

Weeds or crops?

33
Q

What makes weeds make them more difficult to control?

A

prolific seeders and some vegetative propagules

34
Q

(belonging to grass family)

35
Q

belonging to family Cyperaceae

36
Q

belonging to other families of plants

A

Broadleaves

37
Q

Weed Classification Based on Habitat

A
  • Wetland
  • Dryland
38
Q

How do weeds damage?

A

competes with crops for water, nutrients, and sunlight

39
Q

How do vine weeds attack?

A

may cause strangulation of crops

40
Q

What is another way of mode of damage of weeds?

A

Serve as alternate hosts for pathogens and insect pests

41
Q

where certain weeds produces biochemicals that either promotes or hinders the germination and growth of other plants

A

allelopathic effect

42
Q

Snails that are prevalent in wetland rice fields

43
Q

How do mollusks feed on rice plants?

44
Q

Includes higher forms of animals like birds and rodents.
May also include domesticated birds, mammals and even man.

A

VERTEBRATE PESTS

45
Q

What are the factors affecting pest incidence?

A
  1. The Crop
  2. The environment
46
Q

What will happen when too much nitrogen is applied?

A

more succulent plants that are attractive and susceptible to pest and diseases

47
Q

What will happen when proper nitrogen application is used?

A

may help plants react vigorously against viral diseases

48
Q

What will drought cause?

A

Can cause plants to develop thicker cuticle making leaves unattractive to pests

49
Q

What normally normally prevails during dry season?

A

Aphids and thrips

50
Q

What are prevalent during the wet season?

A

Fungi and bacteria

51
Q

may have little resistance to pests prevailing in the
area

A

Introduction of new crop

52
Q

May be intentionally or
unintentionally introduced in an area causing new pest problems

A

Introduction of potential pest

53
Q

History and nature of pests (pest outbreaks and infestations) in the area.

A

Pest incidence in the area

54
Q

Set of interrelated pest management practices that take into consideration the biology of both the pest and the host crop and their environment, in coming up with strategies for limiting pest
populations

A

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

55
Q

What does Integrated pest management use?

A

max use of non-chemical measures, with pesticides applied only as the last alternative

56
Q

What does the Integrated pest management incorporate?

A

a set of effective and economical crop protection measures instead of relying on a single method

57
Q

What is the mix of pest management

A

use of varietal resistance, good cultural practices, biological control agents, physical control, and judicious application of selective pesticides

58
Q

some plant varieties have inherent characteristics that have natural resistance to certain pests and diseases

A

Use of Varietal Resistance

59
Q

choosing and planting varieties of crops that are known to be resistant to pests prevailing in the area

60
Q

producing new resistant varieties of crops to pest and diseases using conventional breeding methods

A

Hybridization

61
Q

development and improvement of crops through genetic engineering

A

Use of Genetically Modified Organisms

62
Q

suppression of pest populations by their natural enemies that serve as either parasite, predators, or pathogens

A

Biological Control

63
Q

Advantages of biological control (Biocon):

A
  • More permanent in terms of control.
  • No toxic residues since use of chemicals is limited.
  • Less destructive to the life cycle of beneficial organisms.
64
Q

Approaches to Biocon:

A
  • Maintaining a balanced population of beneficial organisms in the area.
  • Introduction of natural enemies where they are needed.
  • Augmentation of the population of existing natural enemies.
65
Q

are parasites of Lepidopterous insect pests

A

Diadegma and Trichogramma wasps

66
Q

feeds on several insects

A

Martinez bird and the giant toad

67
Q

parasite of the Rhinoceros beetle in coconut

A

Green muscadine fungus,

68
Q

produces toxins against Lepidopterous insect pests

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

69
Q

mollusks

70
Q

plants having pesticidal properties. May be planted to ward away pests from croplands, or pesticides may be extracted from them to substitute for chemical pesticides.

A

Botanicals

71
Q

planted around vegetable gardens to ward away insect pests

72
Q

to control several insect pests

A

Ground tobacco leaves and ground hot pepper mixed with water

73
Q

involves management practices that provide favorable conditions for crop
growth and unfavorable conditions for pest and disease development.

A

Cultural Control

74
Q

What are examples of cultural control?

A
  • Sanitation practices
  • Tillage practices
  • Proper Planting
  • Proper water management
75
Q

involves the use of physical barriers, attractants, and irritants

A

Physical Control

76
Q

not to be applied on a regular or calendar basis but only when all other measures have failed to reduce pest populations to tolerable levels

A

Rational use of Pesticides

LSE (6 decks)

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