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EXS 102: Exercise Physiology II > Lesson 7: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lesson 7: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 major endocrine organs?

A

Pineal
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal glands

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2
Q

What are 4 non-endocrine hormone-producing tissues?

A

Pancreas
Gonads
Hypothalamus
Adipose Tissue

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3
Q

What is the “master” endocrine gland?

A

Pituitary gland

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4
Q

Endocrine System Organization

A

Host organ (gland)
Chemical messengers (hormones)
Target (receptor) organ

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5
Q

Chemical substances synthesized by specific host glands that enter the bloodstream for transport throughout the body

A

Hormones

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6
Q

Two categories of hormones:

A

Steroid derived hormones
Amine & Polypeptide hormones

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7
Q

Amine and polypeptide hormones are synthesized from ______

A

amino acids

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8
Q

In contrast to steroid derived hormones, anime and polypeptide hormones are soluble in _____

A

plasma

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9
Q

What is a benefit for hormones to be soluble in plasma?

A

allows for easy uptake at target sites

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10
Q

Half-life

A

The time it takes a hormone’s blood concentration to reduce by one-half

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11
Q

The half-life of a hormone provides an indication of _______

A

how long a hormone’s effect persists

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12
Q

What are the two types of amine hormones?

A

Catecholamines
Thyroid hormones

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13
Q

Examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin, glucagon, letptin, etc

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14
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Androgens, DHEA, cortisol

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15
Q

Examples of catecholamines

A

epinephrine; norepinephrine

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16
Q

Example of thyroid hormone

A

Thyroxine

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17
Q

Peptide hormones have a short/long half-life

A

short

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18
Q

Steroid hormones have a short/long half-life

A

Long

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19
Q

Catecholamines have a short/long half-life

A

Short

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20
Q

Thyroid hormones have a short/long half-life

A

Long

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21
Q

Hormones alter cellular reactions in 4 ways:

A
  1. Modify rate of intracellular protein synthesis by stimulating nuclear DNA
  2. Change the rate of enzyme activity
  3. Alter plasma membrane transport via a second-messenger system
  4. Induce secretory activity
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22
Q

What is the first step in initiating hormone action?

A

Hormone-receptor binding

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23
Q

The extent of the target cell’s activation depends on three things:

A
  1. Hormone concentration in the blood
  2. Number of target cell receptors for the hormone
  3. Sensitivity of the union between the hormone and receptor
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24
Q

Which type of diabetes causes trouble with the hormone concentration in the blood?

A

1

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25
Q

Which type of diabetes causes trouble with number of target receptors and sensitivity of the union between the hormone and the receptor?

A

2

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26
Q

What happens during up-regulation?

A

Target cells form more receptors in response to increasing hormone levels to increase the hormone’s effect

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27
Q

What happens during down-regulation?

A

A loss of receptors to prevent target cells from over responding to chronically high hormone levels to decrease the hormone’s effect

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28
Q

How do hormones alter enzyme activity and transport?

A
  1. stimulate enzyme production
  2. combine with enzymes to alter its shape and decrease/increase its effectiveness
  3. activates inactive enzyme forms to increase the total amount of active enzymes
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29
Q

_____ facilitates glucose transport into the cell

A

insulin

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30
Q

_________ inhibits insulin release

A

Epinephrine

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31
Q

True or false: Hormone secretion adjusts rapidly to meet the demands of changing body conditions

A

True

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32
Q

Four factors determine hormone concentration:

A
  1. amount synthesized by the host gland
  2. rate of secretion into the blood
  3. quantity of transport proteins present
  4. plasma volume changes
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33
Q

Most hormones respond to stimuli on as _________ in response to stimuli

A

as needed basis

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34
Q

Some hormones release at _______ during a ________

A

regular intervals; 24 hour cycle

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35
Q

True or false: each category of hormones follows a uniform release pattern

A

FALSE; will vary based on the individual hormone

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36
Q

Some hormones follow cycling patterns that span ________ or the course of a ____

A

several weeks; day

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37
Q

Testosterone promotes __ release and ___ synthesis

A

GH; IGF

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38
Q

Which 6 hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

A

Lactogen
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH/LH)
ACTH
Thyrotropin
GH
Endorphins

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39
Q

What three things are achieved by GH?

A

Increased amino acid transport
Increased protein synthesis
Slows CHO breakdown and increased use of fat as energy

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40
Q

Acute aerobic exercise leads to an increased amount of ___ secreted

A

GH

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41
Q

Acute aerobic exercise leads to an increased release of GH with extended _____

A

half-lives

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42
Q

Acute aerobic exercise leads to an increased preservation of ______ _______ concentrations, which leads to enhanced prolonged exercise performance

A

plasma glucose

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43
Q

IGF stands for

A

Insulin-like growth factor

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44
Q

___ mediates many of GH’s effects, acting as an intermediary messenger

A

IGF

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45
Q

IGH provides for potent peripheral effects on _______ ____ and other tissues

A

motor units

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46
Q

IGF is synthesized by _____ ____ in response to GH stimulation

A

liver cells

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47
Q

ACTH stands for

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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48
Q

ACTH enhances _____ mobilization, increases ________, and stimulates protein synthesis/breakdown

A

fatty-acid; gluconeogenesis; breakdown

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49
Q

ACTH is difficult to measure, but increases/decreases with exercise intensity or duration

A

increases

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50
Q

ADH stands for

A

anti-diuretic hormone

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51
Q

___ influences water excretion by the kidneys

A

ADH

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52
Q

ADH action limites production of large volumes of _____

A

urine

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53
Q

ADH leads to reabsorption of _____ in the kidney tubules

A

water

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54
Q

True or false: Acute aerobic exercise is a potent stimulus for ADH secretion

A

True

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55
Q

During acute aerobic exercise, what does ADH do?

A

conserves body fluids during exercise in hot environments (stimulated by sweating)

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56
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

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57
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine

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58
Q

The “major metabolic hormones” are stimulated by _____

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone production of the anterior pituitary

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59
Q

True or false: Thyroid hormones are soluble in plasma

A

False

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60
Q

Because thyroid hormones are insoluble in plasma, they must be bound to _____ _______

A

carrier proteins

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61
Q

T4 release has a significant impact on ___

A

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

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62
Q

Abnormally low secretion of T4 leads to _______

A

weight gain

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63
Q

During aerobic exercise, free T4 increases by __%

A

35

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64
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Increased VO2 and metabolic heat production at rest
Increased protein catabolism and weakness/weight loss
Heightened reflex activity and psychological disturbances
Tachycardia

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65
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A

Reduced metabolic rate
Cole intolerance
Decreased protein synthesis (brittle nails, thinning hair, dry skin)
Fatigued, depressed reflex activity
Slow speech
Bradycardia

66
Q

PTH stands for

A

Parathyroid hormone

67
Q

___ controls blood calcium balance

A

PTH

68
Q

A decrease in _____ _____ stimulates the release of PTH

A

blood calcium

69
Q

PTH activates bone reabsorbing cells called ________

A

osteoclasts

70
Q

True or false: Exercise may increase PTH release

A

True

71
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Above each kidney

72
Q

Adrenal glands are composed of two parts:

A

Medulla
Cortex

73
Q

The _____ of the adrenal glands makes up part of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Medulla

74
Q

The medulla of the adrenal gland acts to prolong and augment _________ nervous system effects

A

Sympathetic

75
Q

Which hormones does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Epinepherine
Norepinepherine

76
Q

Within the adrenal medulla, norepinepherine increases exponentially at ____ VO2 max

A

50% or greater

77
Q

Within the adrenal medulla, epinepherine is unchanged until it intensities at ____ VO2max

A

75% or greater

78
Q

Within the adrenal medulla, the catecholamines aid in mobilizing ____ from the liver and fatty acids from adipose tissue

A

glucose

79
Q

The adrenal cortex produces which four hormones?

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Androgens
Estrogen

80
Q

The release of adrenal cortex hormones leads to an increase in _______ and _____

A

Blood volumes; BP

81
Q

The effect of aldosterone will typically occur during aerobic exercise of at least ___ minutes

A

45

82
Q

The “stress” hormone

A

Cortisol

83
Q

The secretion of cortisol increases with _____

A

stress

84
Q

Cortisol promotes the breakdown of proteins into amino acids for gluconeogenesis in the _____

A

liver

85
Q

Cortisol supports other hormones in the _______ process

A

gluconeogenesis

86
Q

Cortisol serves as an _____ ______, which halts glucose from entering the cell

A

insulin antagonist

87
Q

Cortisol promotes _______ breakdown in adipose tissue to glycerol/fatty acids

A

triacyglycerol

88
Q

______ suppresses immune system function

A

Cortisol (‘cause now we’re stressed out)

89
Q

Cortisol produces a negative/positive calcium balance

A

negative

90
Q

Cortisol production will increase/decrease with activity intensity

A

increase

91
Q

Cortisol levels may remain elevated up to _ hours post exercise, suggesting a potential role in tissue repair/recovery

A

2

92
Q

True or false: Distinct male or female hormones exist

A

False

93
Q

Hormones vary in their type/concentration between the sexes

A

concentration

94
Q

______ is the most important secretion from the male testes

A

Testosterone

95
Q

_____ are the primary hormones secreted by the female ovaries

A

Estrogens

96
Q

Testosterone initiates _____ production

A

sperm

97
Q

______ stimulates male secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

98
Q

Testosterone will convert to ______ in peripheral tissue to maintain bone structure

A

estrogen

99
Q

How does testosterone affect neurotransmitter release and the neuromuscular junction?

A

Increase NT release
Increase NMJ size

100
Q

There is an increased ______ concentration in untrained males after 15-20min of moderate aerobic exercise or resistance exercise

A

plasma

101
Q

True or false: Plasma concentration also increases in females with exercise, but only 1/10 the concentration of that in males.

A

True

102
Q

What are the primary estrogen hormones?

A

Estradiol
Progesterone

103
Q

What is the purpose of estrogen?

A

Regulate ovulation, menstruation, and pregnancy adjustments

104
Q

Will exercise increase estradiol and progesterone levels?

A

Yep. Shocker.

105
Q

Estrogens may even affect metabolism in these two ways:

A

increase free fatty acid metabolism
Inhibition of muscular glucose uptake

106
Q

______ regulates glucose entry into all tissues

A

Insulin

107
Q

Insulin will be released in response to elevated or decreased ________ levels

A

blood glucose

108
Q

With prolonged steady-state aerobic exercise, the concentration of insulin below resting concentration increases/decreases

A

decreases

109
Q

What in the huh is a GLUT?

A

Glucose Transport Protein

110
Q

GLUT-1 will provide for most glucose transport with exercise/at rest

A

at rest

111
Q

GLUT-4 will provide for most glucose transport with exercise/at rest

A

with exercise

112
Q

Diabetes

A

Subgroup of disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to an insulin abnormality

113
Q

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A

Glucose in urine
Frequent urination
Excessive thirst
Extreme hunger
Unexplained weight loss
Increased fatigue
Irritability
Blurry vision
Numbness or tingling in the extremities
Slow-healing wounds or sores
Abnormally high frequency of infection

114
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Absolute deficiency of insulin that develops early in life

115
Q

Type II diabetes

A

relative insulin resistance and deficiency that develops later in life and relates to obesity, diet, and sedentary living

116
Q

What is the purpose of prolactin?

A

Initiates and supports milk secretion from mammary glands

117
Q

Levels of prolactin increase with what type of activity?

A

High intensity

118
Q

PRL stands for…

A

Prolactin

119
Q

Repeated release of PRL may inhibit ________ and lead to alterations in ____ ______ with intense training in females

A

ovarian function; menstrual cycle

120
Q

As blood glucose goes up, release of insulin goes up/down

A

up

121
Q

As blood glucose levels go down, release of insulin goes up/down

A

down

122
Q

As exercise duration increases, plasma and insulin levels go down and ___ is used for energy instead

A

fat

123
Q

If the intensity increases by 75% or more of our VO2 max, insulin levels will increase/decrease

A

increase (spike back up)

124
Q

What is the test used to find diabetes?

A

Hemoglobin A1c Test

125
Q

When blood glucose becomes uncontrolled, the excess glucose enters RBCs and links to ______

A

hemoglobin

126
Q

The more excess blood glucose, the more/less hemoglobin will be saturated

A

more

127
Q

For a hemoglobin A1c test, anything above ___% is considered diabetic

A

6.5

128
Q

Which type of diabetes can be improved with exercise?

A

Type II

129
Q

Results of exercise in those with Type II Diabetes

A

Improved glucose tolerance
Increased insulin sensitivity
Decreased HgbA1c

130
Q

The risk of ______ does exist in individuals taking insulin or some oral medications when exercising

A

hypoglycemia (please check your BG levels before and after you exercise)

131
Q

The Metabolic Syndrome

A

Cluster of risk factors that correlate increase risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and diabetes

132
Q

5 symptoms of The Metabolic Syndrome

A

Elevated blood glucose
Overweight with a large waist girth
High triacyglycerols
Low levels of HDLs
Hypertension

133
Q

Can all the factors of The Metabolic Syndrome be controlled by exercise?

A

Yeah…exercise seems to be the answer to everything, hehe…

134
Q

In general, the magnitude of hormonal secretion to an absolute exercise load will increase/decrease with chronic endurance training

A

decrease

135
Q

Response of GH to chronic aerobic training

A

No effect on resting values
Less dramatic rise during exercise

136
Q

Response of ACTH to chronic aerobic training

A

Increase release during exercise
Increase fat catabolism and spares glycogen to enhance prolonged exercise performance

137
Q

Response of PRL to chronic aerobic training

A

Resting levels reduced with repeated, high intensity training

138
Q

Response of ADH to chronic aerobic training

A

Slightly reduced levels at a given absolute workload between trained and untrained
No change when intensity is relative to fitness level

139
Q

Response of PTH to chronic aerobic training

A

Endurance training enhances exercise-related increases in PTH
Potentially related to preservation of bone mass with weight-bearing exercise in the elderly

140
Q

Response of the thyroid hormones to chronic aerobic training

A

Increased turnover of T3 and T4 during exercise

141
Q

What is turnover?

A

How quickly a hormone can bind to a receptor, be released, and then bind again

142
Q

Response of aldosterone to chronic aerobic training

A

N/A

143
Q

Response of cortisol to chronic aerobic training

A

Plasma levels increase less in trained individuals at the same absolute intensity
Repeated bouts of intense training actually leads to enlargement of the adrenal gland

144
Q

Response of the catecholamines to chronic aerobic training

A

Decreased secretion at rest and with training at the same absolute intensity as untrained
Increased release post-training at relative intensities

145
Q

Why is there an increased release of the catecholamines post-training?

A

Greater need for substrate use, increased cardiac output, larger muscle mass activation

146
Q

Response of insulin to chronic aerobic training

A

Increased cell sensitivity to insulin
Normal decrease in insulin with acute exercise is reduced with training

147
Q

Type II Diabetics show an increase in _____ sensitivity in response to chronic aerobic exercise

A

insulin

148
Q

Response of gonadal hormones to chronic aerobic training

A

Reduction in reproductive hormones in women and men

149
Q

True or false: Men may have an increase in testosterone with long-term strength training

A

True

150
Q

Early-phase adaptations to resistance training reflect a hormonal response that mediates _______ ____ adaptations to improve strength

A

neuromuscular system

151
Q

______ and ___ are two hormones that affect resistance training adaptations

A

Testosterone; GH

152
Q

Testosterone augments __ release and interacts with the _______ system to increase strength

A

GH; nervous

153
Q

Why do men achieve hypertrophy more often than women?

A

Resistance training in men displays an increase in frequency and amplitude of testosterone and GH secretion not seen in females

154
Q

Most effective methods to increase testosterone release through resistance training methods such as…

A

Intense activation of large-muscle groups with dead-lifts, power cleans, etc.
High-volume training with multiple sets

155
Q

Long-term resistance training in men increases resting _____ levels

A

testosterone

156
Q

Prolonged exhaustive/moderate physical activity boosts natural immune function and host defenses for up to several hours

A

moderate

157
Q

Prolonged exhaustive/moderate exercise severely depresses the body’s first line of defense against infection

A

Prolonged exhaustive

158
Q

True or false: Upper respiratory tract infections are common after intense training

A

True

159
Q

Chronic aerobic exercise training positively affects ______ ______ function

A

natural immune

160
Q

True or false: strength training significantly improves long-term immune system function

A

False. It doesn’t do ANYTHING.

161
Q

What are four ways to improve immunity?

A

Well-balanced diet
Reducing stress
Adequate sleep
Regular physical activity and exercise

162
Q

How does exercise reduce risk of cancer?

A

Increased capacity of cells that inhibit cancer cell growth
improved antioxidant function
altered endocrine function
body composition changes
improved intestinal transit time (take that, colon cancer!)

EXS 102: Exercise Physiology II (12 decks)

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