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EXS 102: Exercise Physiology II > Lesson 2: Neural Control of Movement > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Neural Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Two parts of the nervous system

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

6 major areas of the brain

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Encephalon
Cerebrum

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3
Q

3 parts of the brainstem

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

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4
Q

Fine motor controls have more/less muscle fibers per unit

A

less

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5
Q

Gross motor controls have more/less muscle fibers per unit

A

more

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6
Q

Parts of the alpha motor neuron:

A

Cell body, axon, dendrites

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7
Q

The ______ houses the neuron’s control center for signal transmission

A

cell body

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8
Q

The ___ extends from the cell body to deliver the signal to the muscle

A

axon

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9
Q

The _______ are small and short neural branches that receive impulses and conduct them toward the cell body

A

dendrites

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10
Q

Lipoprotein membrane that wraps around the axon over most of its length

A

myelin sheath

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11
Q

What is the myelin sheath made from?

A

Lipoprotein
Fat

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

A

Insulates and speeds up nerve transmission

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13
Q

What is the thin/outermost layer that covers the myelin sheath?

A

Neurilemma

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14
Q

Nodes that interrupt the myelin sheath every 1 to 2 mm and allow the neuron to depolarize (provide stimulus for movement)

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the nodes of Ranvier on the axon?

A

Allow the neuron to depolarize and provide a stimulus for movement

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16
Q

Conduction speed of a nerve fiber is directly related to the _______ and the _________.

A

muscle fiber’s diameter
Thickness of the myelin sheath

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17
Q

The bigger the nerve fiber, the bigger/smaller the muscle fiber

A

bigger

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18
Q

Another name for the neuromuscular junction is the _____ ______

A

motor endplate

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19
Q

Where does excitation typically occur?

A

The neuromuscular junction

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20
Q

The post-synaptic membrane (on muscle fiber) involve “folds” that allow for ________

A

greater surface area of transmission

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21
Q

The electrical stimulus at the post-synaptic membrane creates an ______ _______

A

Action potential

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22
Q

Threshold for excitation

A

change in voltage on the post synaptic membrane required to produce an action potential

23
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

simultaneous “summing’” of stimuli from surrounding terminals (“space”)

24
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Simultaneous “summing” of stimuli from repeated stimulation (“time”)

25
Q

The larger the motor unit, the more/less force it can produce

A

MORE

26
Q

Type _ muscle fibers have the smallest motor units

A

I

27
Q

Type _ muscle fibers have the largest motor units

A

IIx & IIb

28
Q

Type _ muscle fibers have larger but not the largest motor units

A

IIa

29
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between

30
Q

Arrangement of the reflex arc:

A

1) afferent neurons transmit sensory input from peripheral receptors and enter through the dorsal region of the spinal cord
2) afferent neurons synapse (interconnect) with efferent neurons through interneurons in the spinal cord
3) efferent neurons exit the cord through ventral region and provide signaling to muscles

31
Q

Does the reflex arc directly involve the spinal cord?

A

Yes

32
Q

Does the reflex arc directly involve the brain?

A

No

33
Q

Muscles and tendons have highly specialized sensory receptors sensitive to _____, _____, and ______

A

stretch, tension, pressure

34
Q

The receptors in the muscles and tendons that are sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure are called _________

A

proprioceptors

35
Q

2 types of proprioceptors

A

Muscle Spindles
Golgi Tendon Organs

36
Q

Muscle spindles provide mechano-sensory information about change in ____ _____ ____

A

muscle fiber length

37
Q

Where are the muscle spindles located?

A

In the muscle fiber

38
Q

the process by which a muscle spindle detects, responds to, and modulates change in the length of muscle fibers

A

Stretch reflex

39
Q

What triggers the stretch reflex?

A

Change in the length of muscle fiber

40
Q

Three main components of the stretch reflex:

A

1) Muscle spindle that responds to stretch
2) Afferent nerve fiber that carries the sensory impulse from the spindle to the spinal cord
3) Efferent spinal cord motor neuron that activates the attached muscle fiber

41
Q

What does the muscle spindle of the stretch reflex do?

A

Responds to the stretch

42
Q

What does the afferent nerve fiber of the stretch reflex do?

A

Carries the sensory impulse from the muscle spindle to the spinal cord

43
Q

What does the efferent spinal cord motor neuron of the stretch reflex do?

A

Activates the attached muscle fiber

44
Q

Does the stretch reflex involve interneuron?

A

No

45
Q

Example of the stretch reflex

A

heavier weight added will have an initial reflex response; patellar tap reflex

46
Q

The GTO responds to _____/____ ____

A

tension; force production

47
Q

sensory receptors that detect differences in the tension generated by active muscles

A

GTO

48
Q

Where are GTOs located?

A

In the tendon (which attaches muscle to bone, FYI)

49
Q

GTOS respond to tension created in the muscle when it lengthens/shortens and tension when the muscle _______ _______

A

shortens; stretches passively

50
Q

What does the GTO do when responding to EXCESSIVE tension?

A

Elicits reflex inhibition of the muscle cells they supply
Protect the muscle against excessive force
Protect the muscle and surrounding tissue from injury during an unaccustomed movement or excessive load

51
Q

True or False: The GTO aims to limit damage, like a golf cart governor.

A

True

52
Q

Explain the three steps of the GTO reflex arc

A

1) excessive tension on the tendon provides an afferent stimulus to the spinal cord

2) an inhibitory interneuron connects the afferent and efferent pathways

3) efferent neuron sends signal to decrease tension/inhibit force

53
Q

Does the GTO reflex arc involve an interneuron?

A

Yes

EXS 102: Exercise Physiology II (12 decks)

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