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My Packs: IYNA (Neuroscience) > Lesson 7: Control of Behaviour > Flashcards

Lesson 7: Control of Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is the regulation of homeostasis? Give 2 examples

A

The maintenance of stable equilibrium in body

E.x. Balancing hunger/satiety, body temperature

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2
Q

What integrates responses from the body?

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

After integrating response from the body, what does the hypothalamus instruct?

A

Pituitary

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4
Q

What is secreted to help the body respond to internal or external changes?

A

Hormones

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5
Q

Hormones are released to help the body do what?

A

Respond to internal or external changes

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6
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive inputs?

A

Brainstem

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7
Q

Where does the hypothalamus send outputs?

A

Projections to limbic areas, brainstem, and autonomic areas

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8
Q

The hypothalamus receiving inputs from brainstem allows for response to ____________ ________ processes and contributes to ___________ role

A

Behaviourally relevant

Homeostatic

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9
Q

Why does the projections of the hypothalamus goes to limbic areas and such?

A

To induce behaviour change to resolve physiological needs

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10
Q

The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by: (2)

A

Signalling through synaptic projections

Directing hormone release

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11
Q

How does the hypothalamus influence hormone release? (2)

A

Production of hormones

Axonal projections to the posterior pituitary

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12
Q

Large ______________ cells of the hypothalamus (_____________ cells) extend down the stalk of the pituitary into the _________ lobe

A

Neurosecretory
Magnocellular
Posterior

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13
Q

Hypothalamic Control of the Posterior Pituitary:

Magnocellular cells secrete ________ and ___________ into posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone, ADH)

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14
Q

Where does the magnocellular cells secrete oxytocin and vasopressin into?

A

Posterior pituitary

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15
Q

What is Vasopressin also known as?

A

ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)

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16
Q

Where is oxytocin and vasopressin released from the pituitary?

A

Released directly from pituitary into bloodstream

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17
Q

Low blood pressure or volume causes kidneys to secrete _____ into bloodstream

A

Renin

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18
Q

What secretes renin?

A

Kidneys

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19
Q

What does renin do?

A

Upregulates synthesis of angiotensin II

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20
Q

What does Angiotensin II do?

A

Excites neurons of subfornical organ

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21
Q

What is the subfornical organ of the brain?

A

Brain region not protected by BBB so it can detect hormones

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22
Q

What happens when renin/angiotensin II is secreted?

A

Stimulates hypothalamic response (release of ADH from posterior pituitary, causing feeling of thirst)

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23
Q

Define:

Parvocellular neurosecretory cells

A

Small neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus that secrete hormones into blood stream

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24
Q
  1. Where do the released hormones by the parvocellular neurosecretory cells go?
  2. What do they do?
A
  1. Anterior lobe
  2. Regulate production of pituitary hormone
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25
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary?

A

Small neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus release hormones to control anterior pituitary

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26
Q

What is stress regulated by?

A

The HPA axis

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27
Q

Define:

HPA axis

A

The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
* Regulates physiological responses to stress

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28
Q

Describe:

The HPA Axis

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  2. Triggers release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from pituitary
  3. This stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex
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29
Q

In the HPA Axis:

What does cortisol do to CRH production?

A

Inhibits hypothalamic CRH production

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30
Q

List:

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

A
  1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  3. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  4. Adenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  5. Growth Hormone
  6. Prolactin
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31
Q

Describe the target organ and action of:

FSH

A
  1. Gonads
  2. Ovulation, spermatogenesis
32
Q

Describe the target organ and action of:

LH

A
  1. Gonads
  2. Ovarian and sperm maturation
33
Q

Describe the target organ and action of:

TSH

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Thyracin secretion, increases metabolic rate
34
Q

Describe the target organ and action of:

ACTH

A
  1. Adrenal cortex
  2. Cortisol secretion (mobilizes energy, inhibits immune system etc.)
35
Q

Describe the target organ and action of:

Growth Hormone

A
  1. All Cells
  2. Stimulation of protein synthesis
36
Q

Describe the target organ and action of:

Prolactin

A
  1. Mammary glands
  2. Growth and milk secretion
37
Q
  1. What regulates homeostasis?
  2. How?
A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. By controlling the posterior and anterior pituitary gland
38
Q

What do magnosecretary cells secrete?

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

39
Q

What cells secrete oxytocin and vasopressin?

A

Magnosecretory cells of the hypothalamus

40
Q
  1. Where and what do magnosecretory cells secrete?
  2. Where do these hormones go?
A
  1. Secrete into posterior pituitary, oxytocin and vasopressin
  2. Posterior pituitary releases these into blood stream
41
Q

Where do parvosecretory cells secrete to?

A

From hypothalamus, secrete hormones that travel to anterior pituitary

42
Q

What do the hormones released by parvosecretory cells do?

A

They influence release of hormones from anterior pituitary

43
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system comprise of?

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system
  2. Parasympathetic nervous system
44
Q

In general,

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? (3)

A
  • Regulates alertness state to promote homeostasis
  • Regulates heart rate, pupil diameter, breathing rate, and more
  • Hypothalamus acts as a control center for regulation
45
Q

List:

Functions of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  1. Stimulates “fight or flight” response
  2. Prepares the body for action by increasing readiness to make dramatic physical action and suppressing long-term activities (eg. digestion)
46
Q

List:

Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  1. Stimulates “rest and digest” response
  2. Activated in safe states, meaning that more energy can be diverted towards digestion and slower homeostatic processes
47
Q

Structure of the SNS:

What is the plural of ganglion?

A

Ganglia

48
Q

Structure of the SNS:

How are the cell bodies of the ANS nervous system organized?

A

Cell bodies of ANS neurons innervating specific targets organized into ganglia

49
Q

Structure of the SNS:

Where is the SNS ganglia located?

A

Near the spinal cord

50
Q

Structure of the SNS:

Where are key cell populations of SNS located?

A

Localized in theoracic/lumbar(middle) spinal cord

51
Q

SNS neurotransmission properties:

  1. Where do preganglionic neurons project?
  2. What type are they?
A
  1. Project from CNS to ganglia
  2. Cholinergic (release acetylcholine)
52
Q

SNS neurotransmission properties:

  1. Where do postganglionic neurons project?
  2. What type are they?
A
  1. Project from ganglia to their target organ
  2. Adrenergic (release norepinephrine)
53
Q

Structure of the PNS:

How are ganglia positioned compared to SNS?

A

Ganglia much closer to target organ than in SNS

54
Q

Structure of the PNS:

How are parasympathetic projections regulated?

A

By nerves projecting directly from the brain (e.g. Vagus nerve)

55
Q

PNS neurotransmission properties:

Are preganglionic neurons cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic

56
Q

Define:

Cholinergic

A

Release acetylcholine

57
Q

Define:

Adrenergic

A

Release norepinephrine

58
Q

PNS neurotransmission properties:

Are postganglionic neurons adrenergic?

A

No, they are also cholinergic

59
Q

SNS vs. PNS:

Function

A
  • SNS: “Fight and Flight”
  • PNS: “Rest and Digest”
60
Q

SNS vs. PNS:

Origin of preganglionic neurons

A
  • SNS: Vesceral efferent column of the spinal cord
  • PNS: Arises from cranial nerves/sacral spinal cord
61
Q

SNS vs. PNS:

Origin of postganglionic neurons

A
  • SNS: Thoracic/lumbar from spinal cord
  • PNS: Arises from cranial region of the spinal cord
62
Q

SNS vs. PNS:

Preganglionic neurotransmitters

A
  • SNS: Cholinergic
  • PNS: Cholinergic
63
Q

SNS vs. PNS:

Postganglionic neurotransmitters

A
  • SNS: Adrenergic
  • PNS: Cholinergic
64
Q

SNS vs. PNS:

Target

A
  • SNS: Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and endocrine glands
  • PNS: Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and exocrine glands
65
Q

What are the pathways of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
  2. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
66
Q

SNS vs. PNS:

Length of neurons and ganglion placement

A
  • SNS: Longer postganglionic neurons, ganglion is further from target
  • PNS: Longer preganglionic neurons, ganglion is closer to target
67
Q

What is body temperature regulated by?

A

The neurons of the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus

68
Q

In terms of temperature sensitivity:

Neurons are…

A
  1. Cold sensitive
  2. Warm sensitive
  3. Temperature insensitive
69
Q

State:

Temperature range of warm sensitive neurons

A

Sensitive to temperatures greater than 37°C

70
Q

State:

Temperature range of cold sensitive neurons

A

Sensitive to temperatures less than 37°C

71
Q

— levels regulate body temperature

A

TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)

72
Q

What activates hypothalamic neurons?

A

A decrease in temperature
* Activates hypothalamic neurons, which regulate TSH levels

73
Q

What is the function of TSH in temperature regulation?

A

Induces production of metabolic regulators T3 and T4

74
Q

State:

3 Systemic Effects of T3/T4

A
  1. Raise metabolic rate (more energy use leads to higher body temperature)
  2. Visceromotor response (e.g. constriction of blood vessels)
  3. Increased glucose uptake by muscle cells to permit shivering
75
Q

What is hunger/feeding regulated by?

A

My Packs: IYNA (Neuroscience) (7 decks)

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