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My Packs: IYNA (Neuroscience) > Lesson 2: The Neuronal Membrane > Flashcards

Lesson 2: The Neuronal Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the inside and outside of the neuron?

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

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2
Q

The heads of the phospholipid bilayer are:

A

Hydrophilic phosphate heads

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3
Q

The tails of the phospholipid bilayer are:

A

Hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails

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4
Q

True or False:

The phospholipid bilayer is not permeable to ions and small molecules

A

False, the phospholipid bilayer is permeable to ions and small molecules

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5
Q

What spans the phospholipid bilayer to regulate the entrance/exit of molecules?

A

Proteins

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6
Q

What are some integral and peripheral membrane proteins associated with the cell membrane? (3)

A

Lipid-anchor protein
Peripheral membrane protein
Integral membrane protein

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7
Q

Cell membrane establishes _____________ _________ for different ____

A

Concentration gradients

Ions

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8
Q

What ion has high concentrations outside of the cell?

A

Sodium

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9
Q

What ion has high concentrations inside of the cell?

A

Potassium

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10
Q

What ion has small amounts altogether but higher amounts outside the cell?

A

Chloride

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11
Q

All ion channels are what?

A

Integral membrane proteins

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12
Q

Ion channels contains a ____ which allows ions to flow through the membrane

A

Pore

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13
Q

True or False:

A variety of stimuli activate specific types of ion channels

A

True

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14
Q

How are voltage gated ion channels activated?

A

Activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel

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15
Q

What ion channels are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel?

A

Voltage Gated Ion Channels

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16
Q

_______ _____ _____ create “_______ ______” domain

A

Charged amino acids

Voltage sensor

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17
Q

The amino acids at the pore of ion channels act as what?

A

Selectivity filter

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18
Q

How do ions move? (3)

A

Diffusion
Electrical forces
Sodium potassium pump

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19
Q

How do ions move under diffusion?

A

Diffusion pushes ions down their chemical gradient

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20
Q

How do ions move under electrical forces?

A

Electrical forces cause like charges to repel and opposite charges to attract

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21
Q

How do ions move under the sodium potassium pump?

A

The sodium potassium pump establishes an ionic concentration gradient

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22
Q

Define:

Membrane potential

A

A quantification of the difference in net charge and ion concentrations across the cell membrane

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23
Q

Opening of voltage gated ion channels lead to an _____ or ______ of ions that is regulated by _______________ forces

A

Influx
Efflux
Electrochemical

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24
Q

What do we use to the calculate the equilibrium potential for a single ion?

A

Nernst Equation

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25
Q

State:

Nernst equation

A

E

(RT/zF)
ln(ion outside cell/ion inside cell)

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26
Q

What does the R stand for in the Nernst Equation?

A

The universal gas constant

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27
Q

What does the T stand for in the Nernst Equation?

A

Temperature of the environment in Kelvin

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28
Q

What does the Z stand for in the Nernst Equation?

A

The charge of the ion

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29
Q

What does the F stand for in the Nernst Equation?

A

Faraday’s constant

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30
Q

Define:

Conductance

A

The ease with which an ion flows across the membrane

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31
Q

What letter represents conductance?

A

P

32
Q

What do we use to calculate the equilibrium potential when the membrane is permeable to multiple ions?

A

Goldman Equation

33
Q

Describe:

Goldman Equation

A

Combines the Nernst potential for each ion, weighting by conductance

34
Q

State:

Goldman Equation

A 
58
log
(
(p[K+]+p[Na+]+p[Cl-])
/
(p[K+]+p[Na+]+p[Cl-])
)
35
Q

Define:

Threshold

A

Voltage needed to generate action potential

36
Q

Define:

Depolarization

A

Rapid shift in electric charge, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell

37
Q

Define:

Overshoot

A

Membrane potential is positive

38
Q

Define:

Repolarization

A

Restoration of charge following depolarization

39
Q

Define:

Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane potential is more negative than rest

40
Q

During Resting Phase:

Voltage gated ___ and __ channels are ______

A

Na+
K+
Closed

41
Q

During Resting Phase:

_____ and ____ ________ maintain the larger concentration of __ in the neuron and greater concentration of ___ outside

A

Pumps
Leak channels
K+
Na+

42
Q

Is there a higher of concentration of K+ inside or outside the neuron during resting phase?

A

Inside, there is a higher concentration of Na+ outside the neuron

43
Q

What is the threshold?

A

-55 mV

44
Q

During Initial Depolarization:

membrane potential arrives at _________ (____)

A

Threshold

-55 mV

45
Q

During Initial Depolarization:

___ voltage-gated channels open causing an influx of ___

A

Na+

Na+

46
Q

What type of channels open causing an influx of Na+ during initial depolarization?

A

Voltage-gated channels

47
Q

What happens during initial depolarization?

A

Rapid depolarization

48
Q

True or False:

During initial depolarization, potassium channels activate but take 1 s to open

A

False, potassium channels activate but take 1 ms to open

49
Q

In initial depolarization, at what charge does potassium channels open?

A

-50 mV

50
Q

During Depolarization:

Most gated ___ channels are open

A

Na+

51
Q

True or False:

During depolarization, voltage continues to rise

A

True

52
Q

During Depolarization:

Opening of sodium channels is a ________ ________ ____ (___ continues to open as voltage rises)

A

Positive Feedback Loop

More

53
Q

During Repolarization:

At ____, ___ gated channel inactivates

A

+30 mV

Na+

54
Q

During Repolarization:

_________ _____ ________ are open now, creates an outflow of __

A

Potassium gated channels are open now

K+

55
Q

During Repolarization:

Membrane potential begins to _____, approaching _______ value

A

Lower

Resting

56
Q

During Hyperpolarization:

Membrane potential goes _____ rest since ______ channels are still inactivated

A

Below

Sodium

57
Q

During Hyperpolarization:

Approaches equilibrium potential for _________ and the channels for it __________

A

Potassium

Inactivate

58
Q

True or False:

Voltage returns to rest in hyperpolarization

A

True

59
Q

How long does sodium channel inactivation last for?

A

1 ms

60
Q

What is the sodium channel inactivation known as?

A

Absolute refractory period

61
Q

What does the absolute refractory period do? (2)

A

Prevents the generation of another action potential

Leads to unidirectional propagation down the axon

62
Q

How do we speed up action potential propagation? (3)

A

Axon diameter and conduction speed
Myelination
Saltatory Conduction

63
Q

Action potential propagation speed is increased by __________ the diameter of axons

A

Increasing

64
Q

The glia insulate axons with a lipid-rich ______ ______

A

Myelin sheath

65
Q

In the PNS, what insulates axons with myelin?

A

Schwann Cells

66
Q

In the CNS, what insulates axons with myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes

67
Q

How does myelination increase conduction velocity?

A

Fewer ions diffuse out of axon, more ions diffuse through axon

68
Q

What are breaks in the myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

69
Q

Where are voltage-gated ion channels limited to in myelinated axons?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

70
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The “boosting” of the action potential signal at the nodes

71
Q

How does saltatory conduction help speed up action potential propagation?

A

Prevents dissipation of the signal, creates node-to-node jumping

72
Q

Information flows down dendrites and axons, allows for ______________ information flow

A

Unidirectional

73
Q

Dendrites are _________ and receive thousands of synaptic contacts, integrate ____ _______ ______

A

Distinct inputs

74
Q

What in axons allows information to travel long distances through the nervous system?

A

Length of axon

75
Q

Define:

Patch Clamp

A

Intracellular recording that relies on attaching a pipette to the outer membrane of a single cell through suction and recording the activity

76
Q

Define:

Two Electrode Voltage Clamp (TEVC)

A

A patch-clamp electrophysiology method for injecting current into a cell with one electrode and recording the change in voltage with the other electrode

77
Q

Define:

Single Electrode Patch Clamp

A

Record from an individual cell by using one electrode to record activity

My Packs: IYNA (Neuroscience) (7 decks)

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