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My Packs: IYNA (Neuroscience) > Lesson 1: Cell Biology of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Cell Biology of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the dendrite

A

Receive input signals from other neurons

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2
Q

Describe the soma

A

Contain nucleus, organelles

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3
Q

What is another name for the soma?

A

Cell Body

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4
Q

Describe the axon (2)

A

Often myelinated

Rapidly conduct electrical signals

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5
Q

Describe the axon terminal

A

Transfer signals to other neurons

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6
Q

What are the parts of neurons? (8)

A 
Dendrite
Nucleus
Cell body
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Myelin sheath
Schwann cell
Axon terminal
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7
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Process neural signals in the nervous system

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8
Q

______________ information flow occurs from ________ through _____

A

Unidirectional
Dendrite
Axons

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9
Q

Large number of amount of dendrites permit…

A

The integration of a wide range of inputs

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10
Q

True or False:

The structure of glial cells are largely dependent on their function

A

True

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11
Q

What does the four prevalent populations of Glia include? (4)

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells

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12
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Cellular metabolism

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13
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Waste clearance

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14
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinating

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15
Q

What is the function of Schwann Cells?

A

Myelinating

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16
Q

Glial cells form the _____ _____ _______ to regulate movement of molecules

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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17
Q

Specific types of glia ___________ cell debris to clear _____

A

Phagocytose

Waste

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18
Q

What does phagocytose mean?

A

Eat

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19
Q

Astrocytes interact with ____ _________ and _________ to form __________ _______

A

Axon terminals
Dendrites
Tripartite synapse

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20
Q

Glia ________ neuronal communication and clear _____ __________

A

Modulate

Toxic substances

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21
Q

The soma contains the nucleus of the neuron, which holds what?

A

Genetic information of the cell

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22
Q

The soma also houses organelles such as what? (3)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus

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23
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

On the Rough ER

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24
Q

Where are the proteins taken after synthesized?

A

Golgi, packaged into vesicles

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25
Q

What happens when the protein enters the Golgi?

A

Buds off of the Golgi and transports to final destination (e.g. plasma membrane)

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26
Q

The cytoskeleton provides _________ to neurons

A

Structure

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27
Q

Cytoskeletal elements are ___________ regulated

A

Dynamically

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28
Q

What are the main components of the cytoskeleton? (3)

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

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29
Q

Describe microtubules

A

Large longitudinal structures that give neurites their structure

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30
Q

Describe intermediate filaments

A

Medium sized structures that are strong and consist of long protein molecules wound together

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31
Q

Describe microfilaments and their function

A

Thin structures that are important for mobility

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32
Q

Describe neurites and their function

A

Projections which branch off the soma of neurons

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33
Q

Describe the function of axons

A

Important for transmitting information

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34
Q

Describe the function of dendrites

A

Collect information and bring it to the soma

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35
Q

True or False:

Neurons only have on dendrite

A

False, neurons can have many dendrites

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36
Q

Axons are only found in _______

A

Neurons

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37
Q

True or False:

Axons have rough ER and ribosomes

A

False, no rough ER or ribosomes exist in axons (no protein synthesis)

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38
Q

True or False:

Protein composition of axonal membrane differs from soma membrane

A

True

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39
Q

Axons branch to form ____ ___________

A

Axon collaterals

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40
Q

Where do axons begin and end?

A

Begin at the axon hillock

End at the axon terminal

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41
Q

In between axon hillock and axon terminal, what is it known as?

A

Axon proper

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42
Q

What does not exist in axon terminals?

A

Microtubules

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43
Q

What are axon terminals filled with?

A

Synaptic vesicles

44
Q

The portion of the axon terminal facing the synapse is called the:

A

Active zone

45
Q

True or False:

The active zone isn’t protein rich

A

False, the active zone is protein rich

46
Q

The axon terminal is densely filled with ____________

A

Mitochondria

47
Q

What is the axonal diameter of human axons?

A

Anywhere from 1-25 micrometers

48
Q

Does the axonal diameter correlate with the speed the impulse travel?

A

Yes, the thicker diameter means faster information transfer

49
Q

What are all the dendrites of a neurons collectively called?

A

Dendritic tree

50
Q

What is each individual dendrite on the dendritic tree known as?

A

Dendritic branch

51
Q

Dendrites are covered with _________ of synapses

A

Thousands

52
Q

Many ________ occur on specific protrusions of dendrites know as what?

A

Synapses

Dendritic spines

53
Q

What are neurons that have no dendrites known as?

A

Unipolar neuron

54
Q

What are neurons that have one dendrite known as?

A

Bipolar neuron

55
Q

What are neurons that have many dendrites known as?

A

Multipolar

56
Q

Dendritic Tree arrangements:

What are pyramid shaped structures known as?

A

Pyramidal cells

57
Q

Dendritic Tree arrangements:

What are star shaped structures known as?

A

Stellate cells

58
Q

What are microtubules composed of? (2)

A

Alpha tubulin dimers

Beta tubulin dimers

59
Q

Microtubules exhibit _________

A

Polarity

60
Q

Dimers are continuously added to the ________ end of the microtubule (_) end

A

Growing

+

61
Q

Proteins must be transported to axon terminals by what?

A

Axoplasmic transport

62
Q

Proteins are transported down the axon through:

A

Anterograde transport

63
Q

How do we locate direction of axon terminal?

A

Through polarity of microtubules

64
Q

Other molecules have __________ residing at the axon terminal

A

Precursors

65
Q

Precursors are synthesized into _________________ on-site

A

Neurotransmitters

66
Q

________ bud off of Golgi containing proteins to be transported

A

Vesicles

67
Q

What are vesicles transported by?

A

Kinesin

68
Q

Kinesin walks down microtubules in an ___ dependent manner

A

ATP

69
Q

What is cargo transported from the terminal to the soma (up the axon) known as?

A

Retrograde transport

70
Q

During retrograde transport ______ carries cargo down microtubules

A

Dynein

71
Q

How are microtubules in axons organized?

A

(-) to (+) end

72
Q

How are microtubules in dendrites organized?

A

Orientated randomly (no net polarity)

73
Q

Kinesin travels:

Dynein travels:

A

(-) to (+)

+) to (-

74
Q

Brain is _% body mass, to __% oxygen, and __% glucose

A

2
20
25

75
Q

What is the single largest contributor to the brain’s energy demand?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

76
Q

Without consistent supply of ___, neurons quickly die

A

ATP

77
Q

What is the most common type of glia in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

78
Q

What are the two main types of astrocytes?

A

Fibrous

Protoplasmic

79
Q

Describe fibrous astrocytes

A

Found among myelinated nerve fibres in white matter of CNS

80
Q

Describe protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Found in gray matter of CNS

81
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes? (2)

A

Support of the blood-brain barrier

Provide nutrients to neurons

82
Q

Function of Astrocytes:

How does astrocytes support the blood-brain barrier? (2)

A

Regulates which molecules enter the brain

Dynamically regulate blood flow in response to neuronal activity

83
Q

Function of Astrocytes:

What do the nutrients the astrocytes provide do?

A

Provide metabolic support to neurons

84
Q

Define reactive astrogliosis

A

A complex inflammatory state induced in response to disease

85
Q

Describe reactive astrogliosis (2)

A

Proliferate rapidly and expand in size

Form glial scar surrounding sites of injury

86
Q

What are the beneficial and harmful effects of reactive astrogliosis? (2)

A

Limits spread of injury to healthy tissue

If inflammation persists, can prevent neuronal or even kill neurons

87
Q

What glial cells myelinates axons in the CNS? (2)

A

Oligodendrocytes

Schwann Cells

88
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes? (2)

A

Acts as insulator to speed up information flow

Provides metabolic support to axons

89
Q

1 oligodendrocyte can contact up to __ axons

A

50

90
Q

What is the function of Schwann Cells? (2)

A

Acts as insulator to speed up information flow

Provides metabolic support to axons

91
Q

Schwann cells only forms one _________

A

Internode

92
Q

What is an internode?

A

Myelinated segment between two Nodes of Ranvier

93
Q

What are the populations of perivascular glia known as?

A

Pericytes

94
Q

Define perivascular

A

Next to blood vessels

95
Q

What is the function of Pericytes? (2)

A

Regulate blood flow in response to neuronal activity and other cues
Maintain blood-brain barrier

96
Q

True or False:

Pericytes can respond directly to neurotrasmitters

A

True

97
Q

___________ can disrupt blood flow to critical brain regions

A

Dysfunction

98
Q

What are the resident immune cells of the CNS known as?

A

Microglia

99
Q

What is the function of microglia? (2)

A

Clearance of cellular debris
Extracellular signalling
Synaptic pruning

100
Q

Describe the clearance of cellular debris by microglia

A

Cleaning up any waste material (foreign material, damaged cells, plaques, etc.) through phagocytosis

101
Q

Describe the extracellular signalling by microglia

A

Release inflammatory mediators in response to infection or danger

102
Q

Describe the synaptic pruning of microglia

A

Eliminate excessive synaptic terminals during development

103
Q

Define reactive microgliosis

A

A complex inflammatory state induced in response to disease and injury

104
Q

Describe reactive microgliosis (2)

A

Develop amoeboid shape

Upregulate secretion of proinflammatory signals

105
Q

What are the beneficial and harmful effects of reactive microgliosis? (2)

A

Sequester toxic molecules and fight infections

Can induce aberrant synaptic pruning and neuronal death

My Packs: IYNA (Neuroscience) (7 decks)

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