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My Packs: IYNA (Neuroscience) > Lesson 3: Neuronal Communication > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Neuronal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Where do neurons communicate?

A

Synapses

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2
Q

What are synapses? (2)

A

Specialized junction between neurons

Allow for communication between neurons

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3
Q

_________________ travel from presynapatic to postsynaptic neuron

A

Neurotransmitters(NTs)

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4
Q

Synapses are either __________ or ________

A

Electrical

Chemical

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5
Q

List the following about Electrical Synapses:
Direction
Speed
Distance between pre- and postsynaptic cells
Signal travel method
Signal Type

A 
Bidirectional
Fast
3.5 nm
Ions travel directly through gap junction channels
Electrical signal (ion flow)
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6
Q

List the following about Chemical Synapses:
Direction
Speed
Distance between pre- and postsynaptic cells
Signal travel method
Signal Type

A 
Unidirectional
Slower than electrical
20 nm
Ions diffuse to postsynaptic side
Chemical signal (neurotransmitter)
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7
Q

What is the chemical signal for chemical synapses?

A

Neurotransmitters

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8
Q

What is the electrical signal for electrical synapses?

A

Ion flow

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9
Q

True or False:

Chemical synapses are faster than electrical synapses

A

False, chemical synapses are slower than electrical synapses

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10
Q

What is one common classification scheme for synapses?

A

Based on the neuronal structures involved

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11
Q

What are the types of synapses based on the neuronal structures involved? (3)

A

Axoaxonic
Axodendritic
Axosomatic

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12
Q

Chemical synapse consists of what? (2)

A

Presynaptic terminal

Postsynaptic terminal

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13
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers which are released from the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the ____________ membrane

A

Postsynaptic

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15
Q

What are the criteria of neurotransmitter molecules? (3)

A

Must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic neuron
Must be released by presynaptic neuron upon stimulation
When applied experimentally, must produce the same effect in the postsynaptic neuron as when it is released from the presynaptic neuron

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16
Q

What are the 3 categories of NTs?

A

Amino acid NTs
Monoamine NTs
Peptide NTs

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17
Q

List the characteristics of amino acid and monoamine NTs (2)

A

Small molecules

Produced, stored and released from synaptic vesicles

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18
Q

True or False:

Amino acid NTs are large molecules

A

False, amino acid and monoamine NTs are small molecules

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19
Q

Where are amino acid and monoamine NTs produced?

A

Synaptic vesicles

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20
Q

List the characteristics of peptide NTs (3)

A

Large molecules
Stored and released from secretory granules
Produced in cell body

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21
Q

Where are amino acid and monoamine NTs stored and released?

A

Synaptic vesicles

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22
Q

Where are peptide NTs stored and released?

A

Secretory granules

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23
Q

Where are peptide NTs produced?

A

Cell body

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24
Q

In Small Molecule Synthesis:

Small Molecule NTs are synthesized from _____ ____ precursors at the ________

A

Amino acid

Terminal

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25
Q

In Small Molecule Synthesis:

Small Molecule NTs are transported in ________ locally

A

Vesicles

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26
Q

In Neuropeptide Synthesis:

Precursor _______ synthesized on _____ __

A

Peptide

Rough ER

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27
Q

In Neuropeptide Synthesis:

Precursor protein split in ____ to form active _______

A

Golgi

Protein

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28
Q

In Neuropeptide Synthesis:

Secretory vesicles with _______ bud off of _____

A

Peptide

Golgi

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29
Q

In Neuropeptide Synthesis:

Secretory ________ transported to ____ ________

A

Granules

Axon terminal

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30
Q

What is the presynaptic mechanism of neurotransmitter release? (5)

A

Vesicles docked at the membrane ready to release NTs
Action potential depolarizes the membrane
Calcium channels on the terminal open
Influx in calcium triggers vesicle fusion to membrane
NTs are released in the synaptic cleft

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31
Q

Proteins on membrane and vesicle form a _____ _______ to “dock” vesicles at the presynaptic terminal

A

SNARE complex

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32
Q

What destabilizes interactions within SNARE complex?

A

Calcium influx

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33
Q

What happens when calcium influx occurs?

A

Vesicle membrane and cell membrane fuse, releasing NTs into the synaptic cleft

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34
Q

What are the postsynaptic mechanisms of neurotransmitter release? (3)

A

NTs diffuse through the synaptic cleft

Bind to and activate receptors on the postsynaptic neurons

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35
Q

Postsynaptic neuron receptors can be __________ or ____________

A

Ionotropic (ion channels)

Metabotropic (GPCRs)

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36
Q

List the major amino acid NTs (3)

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glutamate (Glu)
Glycine (Gly)

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37
Q

List the major amine NTs (6)

A 
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Dopamine (DA)
Epinephrine
Histamine
Norepinephrine (NE)
Serotonin (5-HT)
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38
Q

List the major peptide NTs (9)

A 
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Dynorphin
Enkephalins (Enk)
N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG)
Neuropeptide Y
Somatostatin
Substance P
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
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39
Q

List:

Type and function of acetylcholine (3)

A

Amine NT
Controls muscle contraction
Acts at neuromuscular junction

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40
Q

List:

Type and function of norepinephrine (3)

A

Amine NT
Response to novel stimuli
Sympathetic response

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41
Q

List:

Type and function of dopamine (2)

A

Amine NT

Reward and motivation

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42
Q

List:

Type and function of serotonin (2)

A

Amine NT

Appetite and mood

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43
Q

List:

Type and function of glutamate (3)

A

Amino acid NT
Major excitatory NT
Excites postsynaptic neuron

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44
Q

List:

Type and function of GABA (3)

A

Amino acid NT
Major inhibitory NT in CNS
Inhibits postsynaptic neuron

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45
Q

List:

Type and function of glycine (2)

A

Amino acid NT

Major inhibitory NT in PNS

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46
Q

List:

Type and function of neuropeptide Y (2)

A

Peptide NT

Contributes to appetite, nociception, and cognition

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47
Q

What is the most abundant peptide in the nervous system?

A

Neuropeptide Y

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48
Q

List:

Type and function of substance P (2)

A

Peptide NT

Transmits information regarding pain

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49
Q

List:

Type and function of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (2)

A

Peptide NT

Regulates blood and muscle activity in gastrointestinal tract

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50
Q

There are _ types of NT receptors, what are they?

A

2
Ionotropic (ion channels)
Metabotropic (GPCRs)

51
Q

In Ionotropic Receptors:

Ion channels open and close upon ______ binding

A

Ligand

52
Q

In Ionotropic Receptors:

Flow of ____ alters ________ _________

A

Ions

Membrane potential

53
Q

True or False:

Ionotropic receptors are fast acting transmission

A

True

54
Q

What determines opening duration of the gates linked with ionotropic receptors? (2)

A

Kinetics of receptor

Gating of receptor

55
Q

What determines the magnitude of effect in ionotropic receptors?

A

Conductance

56
Q

What determines which ions enter under ionotropic receptors?

A

Selectivity of channels

57
Q

Define:

Metabotropic Receptors

A

Type of membrane receptor in eukaryotic cells that acts through a second messenger

58
Q

In Metabotropic Receptors:

Most commonly functions in ____(_) pathways and activates _ ________

A

GPCR (G-Protein Coupled Receptor)

G Proteins

59
Q

True or False:

Metabotropic receptors can stimulate the opening of ion channels in the cell membrane

A

False, metabotropic receptors can stimulate or inhibit the opening of ion channels in the cell membrane

60
Q

In G Protein Coupled Receptors:

______ binds to receptor

A

Ligand

61
Q

In G Protein Coupled Receptors:

Receptor activation causes a ______________ change in _-_______, and it splits

A

Conformational

G-Protein

62
Q

In G Protein Coupled Receptors:

Subunits bind to and activate ________ proteins

A

Effector

63
Q

In G Protein Coupled Receptors:

________ messengers are activated and __________ targets are altered

A

Chemical

Downstream

64
Q

True or False:

G Protein Coupled Receptors have slow, but strong effects

A

True, these effects come via amplification

65
Q

What is an example of GPCR signalling? List the process (7)

A

Epinephrine binds to receptor
Activates G-protein
Activates effector protein (adenylyl cyclase)
Production of second messenger (cAMP)
Activation of kinase (PKA)
Phosphorylation of target proteins (e.g. transcription factors)
Modification of gene expression

66
Q

List the differences between metabotropic vs. ionotropic receptors (3)

A

Metabotropic
(Ionotropic)

Slow acting 
(Fast acting)
Signal indirectly through second messengers
(Signal directly through ion channels)
Signal amplification
(No signal amplification)
67
Q

What are the 3 methods for neurotransmitter clearance?

A

Reuptake
Degradation
Diffusion

68
Q 
Define:
Neurotransmitter clearance (reuptake)
A

When NTs are taken back to the axon terminal via reuptake-pumps or glial cells

69
Q

In reuptake:

Reabsorbed NTs are ______ for another ________________

A

Reused

Neurotransmission

70
Q

In reuptake:

Glial cells like __________ may reuptake NTs and use for ______ or send back to the ____ ________

A

Astrocytes
Itself
Axon terminal

71
Q

When NTS are taken back in reuptake, what are they taken up through? (2)

A

Reuptake-pumps or glial cells

72
Q 
Define:
Neurotransmitter clearance (degradation)
A

When NTs are broken down by enzymes at the synaptic cleft

73
Q

True or False:

Broken down components can’t stimulate the neurotransmitter receptor

A

True

74
Q 
Define: 
Neurotransmitter clearance (diffusion)
A

When NTs scatter across the synaptic cleft

75
Q

When can diffusion for neurotransmitter clearance occur?

A

Can only occur during low action potential firing

76
Q

True or False:

Diffusion is enough to clear NTs for high action potential firing

A

False, diffusion won’t be enough to clear NTs for high action potential firing (NTs build up in synaptic cleft)

77
Q

Ion flow in the postsynaptic cell changes membrane potential resulting in a ____________ _________

A

Postsynaptic potential

78
Q

True or False:

Postsynaptic potentials can be excitatory

A

False, postsynaptic potentials can be excitatory OR inhibitory

79
Q

What does excitatory postsynaptic potentials do?

A

Brings the membrane closer to threshold

80
Q

What does inhibitory postsynaptic potentials do?

A

Brings the membrane away from the threshold

81
Q

In Synaptic Integration:

_____ can sum up in a variety of ways to lead to generation of an _______ _________

A

EPSPs

Action potential

82
Q

Define:

Spatial summation

A

The addition of many EPSPs generated simultaneously at many sites

83
Q

Define:

Temporal summation

A

The addition of EPSPs generated in rapid succession

84
Q

What is the addition of many EPSPs generated simultaneously at many sites called?

A

Spatial summation

85
Q

What is the addition of EPSPs generated in rapid succession known as?

A

Temporal summation

86
Q

When are electrical synapses formed?

A

Formed when the cytoplasm of two cells is linked by connexin channels

87
Q

What are three characteristics of electrical synapses?

A

Bidirectional
Rapid
Always excitable

88
Q

Where are electrical synapses often studied?

A

In the crayfish nervous system

89
Q

In Electrical Synapses in Crayfish:

Postsynaptic signals occur how long after the generation of a presynaptic potential?

A

Occur within a fraction of a millisecond

90
Q

In Electrical Synapses in Crayfish:

Minimal _____ allows for expedient transmission and ______ in crayfish

A

Delay

Escape

91
Q

True or False:

Electrical synapses allow for quick motor responses in crayfish

A

True

92
Q

True or False:

Electrical synapses play a major role in synchronization of neuronal activity

A

True

93
Q

In Role of Electrical Synapses:

During development, electrical synapses provide a ________ for development of _________ networks

A

Framework

Neuronal

94
Q

In Role of Electrical Synapses:

___ ________ _____ also allow entrance of molecules important for intracellular signaling

A

Gap junction pores

95
Q

What is the presynaptic active zone?

A

Specialized electron dense region of the presynaptic plasma membrane

96
Q

What is the presynaptic active zone composed of?

A

Network of proteins in opposing location to postsynaptic density

97
Q

What is the network of proteins in the presynaptic active zone responsible for?

A

Docking and priming of synaptic vesicles

98
Q

In Molecular Architecture:

Active zone is composed of _ main evolutionary proteins

A

5

99
Q

What is are the 5 main evolutionary conserved proteins in the active zone?

A 
ELKS
RIM
RIM-BP
Munc13
α-Liprins
100
Q

State the function of ELKS

A

The core

101
Q

State the function of RIM & RIM-BP

A

Recruiting Ca2+ channels

102
Q

State the function of Munc13

A

Mediating vesicular fusion

103
Q

State the function of α-Liprins

A

Providing further binding interactions

104
Q

What is the role of the active zone? (2)

A

Acceleration of vesicular release

Structural remodelling during synaptic plasticity & implication in memory formation

105
Q

In the role of active zone:

Neuronal communication is divided into ______ or ______ transmission

A

Wiring

Volume

106
Q

In the role of active zone:

The presence of active zone is a determinant of the mode of _____________ between _______

A

Communication

Neurons

107
Q

List the differences between wiring transmission and volume transmission (4)

A

Wiring
(Volume)

Fast
(Slow, diffuse)

Precise

Energy demanding
(Less energy demanding)

Requires active zone
(Doesn’t require active zone)

108
Q

In the role of active zone:

____-____ ________ __________ is the induced change in ________ and ________ of synaptic transission

A

Long-term synaptic plasticity
Strength
Efficacy

109
Q

List the changes at the presynapse during positive enhancement (2)

A

Enlargement and remodelling of active zone proteins

Increased stability

110
Q

List the changes at the postsynapse (1)

A

Increase of receptor conductance

111
Q

In Structural Plasticity of the Active Zone:
Local neuronal activity dynamically controls ______ ____ organization through _____ dynamics to modulate presynaptic _________ and ________

A

Active zone
Actin
Structure
Function

112
Q

True or False:

Active zone matrix is polymerized

A

False, active zone matrix is polymerized or depolymerized depending on the level of neuronal activity leading to changes of clustering

113
Q

In Liquid Active Zone:

Clustering of ____ channels at ___________ active zones is critical for precise control of ________________ release

A

Ca2+
Presynaptic
Neurotransmitter

114
Q

In Liquid Active Zone:
Active zone scaffold proteins ___ and ___-__ form self-assembled condensates capable of clustering _______-_____ ____ channels on lipid membrane bilayers

A

RIM
RIM-BP
Voltage-Gated Ca2+

115
Q

Describe:

Calyx of Held (2)

A

Neuronal terminal in the auditory system containing hundreds to thousand of active zones
Largest synapse in human body

116
Q 
Describe:
Neuromuscular junction (2)
A

Fixed number of active zones

Ensuring the motor outputs to be performed upon arrival of every action potential

117
Q

What controls vesicle docking?

A

Rab proteins

118
Q

____ Complexes assemble at docked ________

______ pore forms and releases ________________

A

Fusion
Vesicles
Fusion
Neurotransmitter

119
Q

Define:

V-SNARE

A

Vesicle SNARE

Refers to proteins located on the vesicle itself

120
Q

Define:

T-SNARE

A

Target SNARE

Refers to proteins located on the synaptic membrane

121
Q

What are components of SNARE complexes? (4)

A

Syntaxin-1
SNAP-25
Synaptobrevin
Munc-18

122
Q

What controls calcium binding at docked vesicles?

A

Synaptotagmin

123
Q

What regulate SNARE complex disassembly?

A

NSF Complexes

My Packs: IYNA (Neuroscience) (7 decks)

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