Lesson 4: Introduction to Neuroanatomy Flashcards
What are the 3 common sections of the brain?
Sagittal
Horizontal
Coronal
What are the 2 views from above and below the brain called?
Dorsal (Above)
Ventral (Below)
What are the 2 views from the side known as？
Lateral (Outside side)
Medial (Inside side)
What are the subdivisions of the nervous system? (2)
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What are the subdivisions of the CNS? (2)
Brain
Spinal cord
What are the subdivisions of the PNS? (2)
Somatic nervous system
Automatic nervous system
What are the subdivisions of the somatic nervous system? (2)
Afferent nerves
Efferent nerves
What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? (2)
Afferent nerves
Efferent nerves
What are the subdivisions of the efferent nerves? (2)
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
What does the CNS consists of? (2)
Brain
Spinal Cord
List the function of the CNS (2)
Integrates sensory information
Responds to sensory inputs
What does the PNS consists of? (2)
Nerves
Ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord
List the function of the PNS
Connects the CNS to the limbs and organs
What does somatic nervous system control?
Voluntary movement
List the function of the somatic nervous system
Movement of motor and sensory info to and from the CNS
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Involuntary movement
For autonomic nervous system, what are examples of involuntary movement? (3)
Heart rate
Digestion
Respiration
List the function of the autonomic nervous system
Connects the brain and internal organs
List the function of the parasympathetic system
Controls regulatory functions that conserving energy
What are examples of controlling regulatory functions that conserve energy in parasympathetic system? (2)
Slowing heart rate
Relaxing muscles
List the function of the sympathetic system
Controls the body’s rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations
What is parasympathetic system also known as?
“Rest and digest”
What is sympathetic system also known as?
“Fight-or-flight”
Nervous system contains ___ types of tissue, what are they?
Two
Grey matter
White matter
Nervous system consists of two types of tissue:
Grey tissue consists of ________ cell ______
Neuronal
Bodies
Nervous system consists of two types of tissue:
White matter consists of _____
Axons
In the brain, ____ matter surrounds _____ matter
Gray
White
In the spinal cord, _____ matter surrounds ____ matter
White
Gray
Define:
Ganglion
A group of neurons outside the CNS
Define:
Nucleus
A group of neurons within the CNS
Define:
Nerve
A group of nerve fibers (axons) outside the CNS)
Define:
Tract
A group of nerve fibers (axons) within the CNS
The brain can be divided into _____ subsections, what are they?
Three
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Location of:
Brain Stem
Posterior part of the brain (continuous with the spinal cord)
Location of:
Cerebellum
Located in the back of the brain
Location of:
Cerebrum
Largest portion; consists of two hemispheres
There are _ major regions of the brain stem, what are they?
3
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Function of:
Medulla oblongata
Controls autonomic functions (e.g. breathing and digestion)
Function of:
Pons
Involved in breathing and communication between different brain regions
Function of:
Midbrain
Plays an important role in communication and in the control of the motor system, vision and hearing, and the reflexes
Function of:
Cerebellum
Involved in motor control (coordination, precision and timing of movements, motor learning)
What is the cerebrum?
Largest and most developed portion of the brain
In the cerebrum, left and right hemispheres are connected by a bundle of _____ ______ called what?
Nerve fibers
Corpus Callosum
What information does the cerebrum receive and process? (5)
Visual Auditory Somatosensory Gustatory Olfactory
In the cerebrum, each hemisphere consists of ____ lobes, state the lobes
Four Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital
The cerebrum is surrounded by the ________ ______
Cerebral cortex
What is the function of the cerebral cortex?
Plays a large role in processing information and perception
The cerebral cortex consists of folded bulges called ____ that create deep folds called _____
Gyri
Sulci
What are gyri?
Folded bulges of cerebral cortex
What are sulci?
Deep folds of cerebral cortex
Sulci in the brain ___ to the surface area of the ______
Add
Cortex
True or False:
Sulci in the brain increases the amount of info that can be processed
True
What can cortical areas be divided into? (3)
Lobes
Functional Areas
Anatomical Areas
Lobes of the Brain:
What is the function of the frontal lobes? (5)
Involved in: Cognition (e.g. Personality, Impulse control, Social behaviour, Problem solving)
Lobes of the Brain:
What is the function of the temporal lobes? (3)
Involved in:
Object recognition
Hearing
Memory
Lobes of the Brain:
What is the function of the occipital lobes? (1)
Involved in:
Visual perception
Lobes of the Brain:
What is the function of the parietal lobes? (3)
Involved in:
Sensation
Perception
Integration of sensory information
What area controls the instruction of movement?
Primary motor cortex
What area processes sensory information received from the body?
Somatosensory cortex
What area processes sound information to determine intensity and frequency?
Auditory cortex
What area processes and relays visual information?
Visual cortex
What is the primary motor, somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortex called altogether?
Sensorimotor Regions
What are the 2 speech regions of the brain?
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
Where is the Broca’s Area?
Located in the frontal lobe
List the function and location of Broca’s area (2)
Plays a large role in production of speech
Located near the primary motor cortex
Where is the Wernicke’s Area?
Located in the temporal region of the brain
List the function and location of Wernicke’s area (2)
Plays a large role in speech comprehension
Located near the auditory cortex
_________ ________ classified brain regions based on their ________________.
This classification is closely correlated to _________
Korbinian Brodmann
Cytoarchitecture
Function
Define:
Cytoarchitecture
Cell type composition
Define:
Neurovasculature
Structure of nerves and blood vessels of a body part
True or False:
Brain represents 20% of body mass, consumes 30% of oxygen
False. Brain represents 2% of body mass, but consumes 20% of oxygen
True or False:
Neurons die after seconds without oxygen
False. Neurons die after minutes without oxygen
Define:
Anastomosis
Connection between two things (E.x. Blood vessels)
True or False:
Blood vessels connect to allow alternative routes of blood flow
True
What is the difference between end arteries and anastomosis?
In end arteries, there is no overlap in area of supply.
In anastomosis, there is an alternative route of supply
Why is anastomosis present in the blood vessels of the brain?
Prevents brain regions from losing blood supply if one region is damaged
What is blood flow to brain regions dependent on?
Regional activity
Define:
Circle of Willis
Interconnected collection of arteries which ensures that blood supply to brain is constantly maintained
Where is the Circle of Willis located?
Located at base of cerebrum
True or False:
Circle of Willis is not the entry point of blood into the brain
False, Circle of Willis is the entry point of blood into the brain
Circle of Willis connects the ________ and _________ circulation of the brain into one system
Anterior
Posterior
What does anterior circulation comprise of?
Blood from internal carotid arteries
What does posterior circulation comprise of?
Blood from vertebral arteries
Define:
Ventricles
Structures in the brain that carry specialized fluid for “cleansing” the brain
How many ventricles carry fluid in the brain?
4
What are the first and second ventricles known as?
Lateral ventricles
Give the location of the lateral ventricles
Located deep in the cerebrum
Give the location of the third ventricle
Lies in the centre of the brain
The third ventricle connects to the ______ ventricle via the ________ ________
Fourth
Cerebral aqueduct
Define:
CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid, a clear fluid surrounding the brain
Where is CSF present?
In the ventricles and surrounding the brain and subarachnoid space
What does CSF do? (2)
Brings nutrients to the brain
Removes toxins from the CNS
What produces CSF?
Choroid plexus
What serves as a protective barrier for the brain?
The skull
Where is the skull especially thick?
At the brainstem to protect life preserving functions
Define:
Foramen Magnum
A hole in the bottom of the skull through which the spinal cord passes
Define:
Meninges
Three membranes that enclose the brain and spinal chord
What is the function of meninges?
Protect the central nervous system
What are the 3 meninges called?
Dura mater
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater
What is the dura mater and what does it do? (2)
Thin and durable “cap” for the brain
Fixes the brain with respect to the skull
What is the arachnoid layer and what does it do?
Contains fibrous tissue to cushion the brain
What is the pia mater and what does it do?
Thin membrane containing capillaries that supply the brain with nutrients
What are the brain’s blood vessels lined with?
Endothelial cells
What is the function of endothelial cells?
Serve as an interface between circulating blood and the vessel wall
Endothelial cells in the brain are tightly wedged together, creating an impermeable ________ between the _____ and ___________
Boundary
Brain
Bloodstream
The _____-_____ _______ helps block harmful substances from entering the brain
Blood-brain barrier
What three cells work together to create a functional barrier to most solutes in the brain?
Endothelial cells
Astrocytes
Pericytes
What is a spinal cord?
A long structure that extends from the brainstem through the vertebral column
What is the spinal cord composed of?
Nervous tissue
What is the functional of the spinal cord?
Provides a pathway to and from the brain, and is a major reflex center
How many parts does the the spinal cord consists of? What are they?
4
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral sections
True or False:
Spinal nerves exit the spine through each vertebrae
True
The spinal cord contains a ______ and _______ component, nerves exit each side forming ______ and _______ _____
Dorsal
Ventral
Dorsal
Ventral roots
What do ventral roots do?
Carry motor information from the brain to the body
What do dorsal roots do?
Carry sensory information to the brain from the body
True or False:
Cranial nerves stem directly from the brain rather than from the spinal cord
True
The __ cranial nerves have a variety of important _______ and _____ functions
12
Sensory
Motor
What are some examples of sensory and motor functions that cranial nerves have? (4)
Vision
Taste
Audition
Touch
_______ neurons collect information and carry it to the central nervous system via _______ nerves
Sensory
Cranial
Define:
Cerebral Cortex
A sheet of gray matter that covers the cerebrum
The cerebral cortex is mostly _________, but some are __________
Neocortex
Allocortex
Neocortex has _ layers with _________ neuronal characteristics
6
Different
What are major types of cells found in the cerebral cortex? (3)
Pyramidal Cell
Fusiform Cell
Stellate Cell
What is the first three layers of the cerebral cortex called?
Supragranular Layers
List the name, appearance, and functions of:
Layer 1 of the cerebral cortex (3)
Molecular Layer
Few neurons observed
Transverse fibres from other cortical regions and nonspecific thalamocortical fibres are located
List the name, appearance, and functions of:
Layer 2 of the cerebral cortex (2)
External Granular Layer
Small stellate cells are densely packed
List the name, appearance, and functions of:
Layer 3 of the cerebral cortex (3)
External Pyramidal Layer
Consists of small to medium sized pyramidal cells
The axons of the pyramidal cells spread out both association and commissural fibres to other cortical regions
Supragranular Layers:
Responsible for _____________ connections. ________ _____ _______ allow communication between different regions of the ______, even with areas within the other hemisphere
Intracortical
Afferent fibre bundles
Cortex
True or False:
The supragranular layers are not as developed in the human brain
False, the supragranular layers are high developed in the human brain
List the name, appearance, and functions of:
Layer 4 of the cerebral cortex (3)
Internal Granular Layer
Small stellate cells are densely packed
Specific thalamocortical fibres are prominent
Outer band of Baillarger is found
What is the function of the internal granular layer? (2)
Serves as the primary input layer
Receives signals from the specific thalamic nuclei
What does Outer band of Baillarger indicate?
Indicates the transverse fibres of thalamocortical axon terminals
What are the fifth and sixth layers of the cerebral cortex known as?
Infragranular Layers
List the name, appearance, and functions of:
Layer 5 of the cerebral cortex (5)
Internal Pyramidal Layer Betz cells are observed Betz cells spread projection fibers to subcortical regions and project apical dendrites up to layer 1 Serves as the primary output layer Internal band of Baillarger is found
What are Betz cells?
Large pyramidal cells
What is the Internal band of Baillarger?
Though to be the aggregate of associate fibre terminals from other cortices and axon branches of pyramidal cells in layer 5
List the name, appearance, and functions of:
Layer 6 of the cerebral cortex
Multiform Layer
Contains fusiform cells and variety of other cells that merge with white matter
