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My Packs: IYNA (Neuroscience) > Lesson 4: Introduction to Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Lesson 4: Introduction to Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 common sections of the brain?

A

Sagittal
Horizontal
Coronal

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2
Q

What are the 2 views from above and below the brain called?

A

Dorsal (Above)

Ventral (Below)

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3
Q

What are the 2 views from the side known as？

A

Lateral (Outside side)

Medial (Inside side)

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4
Q

What are the subdivisions of the nervous system? (2)

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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5
Q

What are the subdivisions of the CNS? (2)

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of the PNS? (2)

A

Somatic nervous system

Automatic nervous system

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7
Q

What are the subdivisions of the somatic nervous system? (2)

A

Afferent nerves

Efferent nerves

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8
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? (2)

A

Afferent nerves

Efferent nerves

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9
Q

What are the subdivisions of the efferent nerves? (2)

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

What does the CNS consists of? (2)

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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11
Q

List the function of the CNS (2)

A

Integrates sensory information

Responds to sensory inputs

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12
Q

What does the PNS consists of? (2)

A

Nerves

Ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

List the function of the PNS

A

Connects the CNS to the limbs and organs

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14
Q

What does somatic nervous system control?

A

Voluntary movement

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15
Q

List the function of the somatic nervous system

A

Movement of motor and sensory info to and from the CNS

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16
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Involuntary movement

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17
Q

For autonomic nervous system, what are examples of involuntary movement? (3)

A

Heart rate
Digestion
Respiration

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18
Q

List the function of the autonomic nervous system

A

Connects the brain and internal organs

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19
Q

List the function of the parasympathetic system

A

Controls regulatory functions that conserving energy

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20
Q

What are examples of controlling regulatory functions that conserve energy in parasympathetic system? (2)

A

Slowing heart rate

Relaxing muscles

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21
Q

List the function of the sympathetic system

A

Controls the body’s rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations

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22
Q

What is parasympathetic system also known as?

A

“Rest and digest”

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23
Q

What is sympathetic system also known as?

A

“Fight-or-flight”

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24
Q

Nervous system contains ___ types of tissue, what are they?

A

Two
Grey matter
White matter

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25
Q

Nervous system consists of two types of tissue:

Grey tissue consists of ________ cell ______

A

Neuronal

Bodies

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26
Q

Nervous system consists of two types of tissue:

White matter consists of _____

A

Axons

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27
Q

In the brain, ____ matter surrounds _____ matter

A

Gray

White

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28
Q

In the spinal cord, _____ matter surrounds ____ matter

A

White

Gray

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29
Q

Define:

Ganglion

A

A group of neurons outside the CNS

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30
Q

Define:

Nucleus

A

A group of neurons within the CNS

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31
Q

Define:

Nerve

A

A group of nerve fibers (axons) outside the CNS)

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32
Q

Define:

Tract

A

A group of nerve fibers (axons) within the CNS

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33
Q

The brain can be divided into _____ subsections, what are they?

A

Three
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

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34
Q

Location of:

Brain Stem

A

Posterior part of the brain (continuous with the spinal cord)

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35
Q

Location of:

Cerebellum

A

Located in the back of the brain

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36
Q

Location of:

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion; consists of two hemispheres

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37
Q

There are _ major regions of the brain stem, what are they?

A

3
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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38
Q

Function of:

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls autonomic functions (e.g. breathing and digestion)

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39
Q

Function of:

Pons

A

Involved in breathing and communication between different brain regions

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40
Q

Function of:

Midbrain

A

Plays an important role in communication and in the control of the motor system, vision and hearing, and the reflexes

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41
Q

Function of:

Cerebellum

A

Involved in motor control (coordination, precision and timing of movements, motor learning)

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42
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Largest and most developed portion of the brain

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43
Q

In the cerebrum, left and right hemispheres are connected by a bundle of _____ ______ called what?

A

Nerve fibers

Corpus Callosum

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44
Q

What information does the cerebrum receive and process? (5)

A 
Visual
Auditory
Somatosensory
Gustatory
Olfactory
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45
Q

In the cerebrum, each hemisphere consists of ____ lobes, state the lobes

A 
Four
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
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46
Q

The cerebrum is surrounded by the ________ ______

A

Cerebral cortex

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47
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Plays a large role in processing information and perception

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48
Q

The cerebral cortex consists of folded bulges called ____ that create deep folds called _____

A

Gyri

Sulci

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49
Q

What are gyri?

A

Folded bulges of cerebral cortex

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50
Q

What are sulci?

A

Deep folds of cerebral cortex

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51
Q

Sulci in the brain ___ to the surface area of the ______

A

Add

Cortex

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52
Q

True or False:

Sulci in the brain increases the amount of info that can be processed

A

True

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53
Q

What can cortical areas be divided into? (3)

A

Lobes
Functional Areas
Anatomical Areas

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54
Q

Lobes of the Brain:

What is the function of the frontal lobes? (5)

A 
Involved in:
Cognition
(e.g. Personality,
Impulse control,
Social behaviour,
Problem solving)
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55
Q

Lobes of the Brain:

What is the function of the temporal lobes? (3)

A

Involved in:
Object recognition
Hearing
Memory

56
Q

Lobes of the Brain:

What is the function of the occipital lobes? (1)

A

Involved in:

Visual perception

57
Q

Lobes of the Brain:

What is the function of the parietal lobes? (3)

A

Involved in:
Sensation
Perception
Integration of sensory information

58
Q

What area controls the instruction of movement?

A

Primary motor cortex

59
Q

What area processes sensory information received from the body?

A

Somatosensory cortex

60
Q

What area processes sound information to determine intensity and frequency?

A

Auditory cortex

61
Q

What area processes and relays visual information?

A

Visual cortex

62
Q

What is the primary motor, somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortex called altogether?

A

Sensorimotor Regions

63
Q

What are the 2 speech regions of the brain?

A

Broca’s Area

Wernicke’s Area

64
Q

Where is the Broca’s Area?

A

Located in the frontal lobe

65
Q

List the function and location of Broca’s area (2)

A

Plays a large role in production of speech

Located near the primary motor cortex

66
Q

Where is the Wernicke’s Area?

A

Located in the temporal region of the brain

67
Q

List the function and location of Wernicke’s area (2)

A

Plays a large role in speech comprehension

Located near the auditory cortex

68
Q

_________ ________ classified brain regions based on their ________________.
This classification is closely correlated to _________

A

Korbinian Brodmann
Cytoarchitecture
Function

69
Q

Define:

Cytoarchitecture

A

Cell type composition

70
Q

Define:

Neurovasculature

A

Structure of nerves and blood vessels of a body part

71
Q

True or False:

Brain represents 20% of body mass, consumes 30% of oxygen

A

False. Brain represents 2% of body mass, but consumes 20% of oxygen

72
Q

True or False:

Neurons die after seconds without oxygen

A

False. Neurons die after minutes without oxygen

73
Q

Define:

Anastomosis

A

Connection between two things (E.x. Blood vessels)

74
Q

True or False:

Blood vessels connect to allow alternative routes of blood flow

A

True

75
Q

What is the difference between end arteries and anastomosis?

A

In end arteries, there is no overlap in area of supply.

In anastomosis, there is an alternative route of supply

76
Q

Why is anastomosis present in the blood vessels of the brain?

A

Prevents brain regions from losing blood supply if one region is damaged

77
Q

What is blood flow to brain regions dependent on?

A

Regional activity

78
Q

Define:

Circle of Willis

A

Interconnected collection of arteries which ensures that blood supply to brain is constantly maintained

79
Q

Where is the Circle of Willis located?

A

Located at base of cerebrum

80
Q

True or False:

Circle of Willis is not the entry point of blood into the brain

A

False, Circle of Willis is the entry point of blood into the brain

81
Q

Circle of Willis connects the ________ and _________ circulation of the brain into one system

A

Anterior

Posterior

82
Q

What does anterior circulation comprise of?

A

Blood from internal carotid arteries

83
Q

What does posterior circulation comprise of?

A

Blood from vertebral arteries

84
Q

Define:

Ventricles

A

Structures in the brain that carry specialized fluid for “cleansing” the brain

85
Q

How many ventricles carry fluid in the brain?

A

4

86
Q

What are the first and second ventricles known as?

A

Lateral ventricles

87
Q

Give the location of the lateral ventricles

A

Located deep in the cerebrum

88
Q

Give the location of the third ventricle

A

Lies in the centre of the brain

89
Q

The third ventricle connects to the ______ ventricle via the ________ ________

A

Fourth

Cerebral aqueduct

90
Q

Define:

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid, a clear fluid surrounding the brain

91
Q

Where is CSF present?

A

In the ventricles and surrounding the brain and subarachnoid space

92
Q

What does CSF do? (2)

A

Brings nutrients to the brain

Removes toxins from the CNS

93
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

94
Q

What serves as a protective barrier for the brain?

A

The skull

95
Q

Where is the skull especially thick?

A

At the brainstem to protect life preserving functions

96
Q

Define:

Foramen Magnum

A

A hole in the bottom of the skull through which the spinal cord passes

97
Q

Define:

Meninges

A

Three membranes that enclose the brain and spinal chord

98
Q

What is the function of meninges?

A

Protect the central nervous system

99
Q

What are the 3 meninges called?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater

100
Q

What is the dura mater and what does it do? (2)

A

Thin and durable “cap” for the brain

Fixes the brain with respect to the skull

101
Q

What is the arachnoid layer and what does it do?

A

Contains fibrous tissue to cushion the brain

102
Q

What is the pia mater and what does it do?

A

Thin membrane containing capillaries that supply the brain with nutrients

103
Q

What are the brain’s blood vessels lined with?

A

Endothelial cells

104
Q

What is the function of endothelial cells?

A

Serve as an interface between circulating blood and the vessel wall

105
Q

Endothelial cells in the brain are tightly wedged together, creating an impermeable ________ between the _____ and ___________

A

Boundary
Brain
Bloodstream

106
Q

The _____-_____ _______ helps block harmful substances from entering the brain

A

Blood-brain barrier

107
Q

What three cells work together to create a functional barrier to most solutes in the brain?

A

Endothelial cells
Astrocytes
Pericytes

108
Q

What is a spinal cord?

A

A long structure that extends from the brainstem through the vertebral column

109
Q

What is the spinal cord composed of?

A

Nervous tissue

110
Q

What is the functional of the spinal cord?

A

Provides a pathway to and from the brain, and is a major reflex center

111
Q

How many parts does the the spinal cord consists of? What are they?

A

4

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral sections

112
Q

True or False:

Spinal nerves exit the spine through each vertebrae

A

True

113
Q

The spinal cord contains a ______ and _______ component, nerves exit each side forming ______ and _______ _____

A

Dorsal
Ventral
Dorsal
Ventral roots

114
Q

What do ventral roots do?

A

Carry motor information from the brain to the body

115
Q

What do dorsal roots do?

A

Carry sensory information to the brain from the body

116
Q

True or False:

Cranial nerves stem directly from the brain rather than from the spinal cord

A

True

117
Q

The __ cranial nerves have a variety of important _______ and _____ functions

A

12
Sensory
Motor

118
Q

What are some examples of sensory and motor functions that cranial nerves have? (4)

A

Vision
Taste
Audition
Touch

119
Q

_______ neurons collect information and carry it to the central nervous system via _______ nerves

A

Sensory

Cranial

120
Q

Define:

Cerebral Cortex

A

A sheet of gray matter that covers the cerebrum

121
Q

The cerebral cortex is mostly _________, but some are __________

A

Neocortex

Allocortex

122
Q

Neocortex has _ layers with _________ neuronal characteristics

A

6

Different

123
Q

What are major types of cells found in the cerebral cortex? (3)

A

Pyramidal Cell
Fusiform Cell
Stellate Cell

124
Q

What is the first three layers of the cerebral cortex called?

A

Supragranular Layers

125
Q

List the name, appearance, and functions of:

Layer 1 of the cerebral cortex (3)

A

Molecular Layer
Few neurons observed
Transverse fibres from other cortical regions and nonspecific thalamocortical fibres are located

126
Q

List the name, appearance, and functions of:

Layer 2 of the cerebral cortex (2)

A

External Granular Layer

Small stellate cells are densely packed

127
Q

List the name, appearance, and functions of:

Layer 3 of the cerebral cortex (3)

A

External Pyramidal Layer
Consists of small to medium sized pyramidal cells
The axons of the pyramidal cells spread out both association and commissural fibres to other cortical regions

128
Q

Supragranular Layers:
Responsible for _____________ connections. ________ _____ _______ allow communication between different regions of the ______, even with areas within the other hemisphere

A

Intracortical
Afferent fibre bundles
Cortex

129
Q

True or False:

The supragranular layers are not as developed in the human brain

A

False, the supragranular layers are high developed in the human brain

130
Q

List the name, appearance, and functions of:

Layer 4 of the cerebral cortex (3)

A

Internal Granular Layer
Small stellate cells are densely packed
Specific thalamocortical fibres are prominent
Outer band of Baillarger is found

131
Q

What is the function of the internal granular layer? (2)

A

Serves as the primary input layer

Receives signals from the specific thalamic nuclei

132
Q

What does Outer band of Baillarger indicate?

A

Indicates the transverse fibres of thalamocortical axon terminals

133
Q

What are the fifth and sixth layers of the cerebral cortex known as?

A

Infragranular Layers

134
Q

List the name, appearance, and functions of:

Layer 5 of the cerebral cortex (5)

A 
Internal Pyramidal Layer
Betz cells are observed
Betz cells spread projection fibers to subcortical regions and project apical dendrites up to layer 1
Serves as the primary output layer
Internal band of Baillarger is found
135
Q

What are Betz cells?

A

Large pyramidal cells

136
Q

What is the Internal band of Baillarger?

A

Though to be the aggregate of associate fibre terminals from other cortices and axon branches of pyramidal cells in layer 5

137
Q

List the name, appearance, and functions of:

Layer 6 of the cerebral cortex

A

Multiform Layer

Contains fusiform cells and variety of other cells that merge with white matter

My Packs: IYNA (Neuroscience) (7 decks)

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