lesson 7

Question 1

royalty

Answer 1

the people who belong to the family of a king and queen:

She believes she’s related to royalty.

Question 2

entity

Answer 2

noun . something that exists apart from other things, having its own independent existence:
The museums work closely together, but are separate legal entities.
He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity.

Question 3

aid

Answer 3

noun. help or support:

Question 4

regulator

Answer 4

noun. a device used to control things such as the speed of a clock, the temperature in a room, etc.

Question 5

subsidiary

Answer 5

adjective. used to refer to something less important than something else with which it is connected:
a subsidiary role/factor

Question 6

leak

Answer 6

verb . to allow secret information to become generally known:
He leaked the names to the press.
News of the pay cuts had somehow leaked out.

Question 7

crackdown

Answer 7

noun. a situation in which someone starts to deal with bad or illegal behaviour in a more severe way:
There has been a series of government crackdowns on safety in factories.
More examples
The police are having a crackdown on cyclists without lights.
The company is having a crackdown on personal internet use.
The school has started a crackdown on pupils who turn up late.

Question 8

clarity

Answer 8

noun. the quality of being clear and easy to understand:

There has been a call for greater clarity in this area of the law.

Question 9

owe

Answer 9

verb. to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent money to you, or in exchange for something they have done for you:
[ + two objects ] I owe Janet $50.
We still owe $1,000 on our car (= we still need to pay $1,000 before we own our car).
I owe you a drink for helping me move.
I think you owe (= should give) me an explanation/apology.

Question 10

avoidance

Answer 10

noun. the act of avoiding something or someone:

Question 11

commissioner

Answer 11

noun. an important official who has responsibility in a government department or another organization:
the commissioner in charge of the police force

Question 12

inter

Answer 12

verb. to bury a dead body:

Many of the soldiers were interred in unmarked graves.

Question 13

comply

Answer 13

to act according to an order, set of rules, or request:
He’s been ordered to have the dog destroyed because it’s dangerous, but he refuses to comply.
There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.

Question 14

granted

Answer 14

used to admit that something is true, before saying something else about it:
Granted that the story’s true, there’s not a lot you can do about it.
Granted, many horror films don’t make sense until the ending, but they at least provide a few scares along the way.

Question 15

appeal

Answer 15

a request to the public for money, information, or help:
They’re launching (= starting) an appeal to raise money for famine victims.
[ + to infinitive ] The police have issued an appeal to the public to stay away from the area over the weekend.

Question 16

deny

Answer 16

to say that something is not true:
He will not confirm or deny the allegations.
[ + that ] Neil denies that he broke the window, but I’m sure he did.
[ + -ing verb ] Neil denies breaking the window.

Question 17

committed

Answer 17

loyal and willing to give your time and energy to something that you believe in:
a committed socialist/Christian/teacher

[ after verb ]
having promised to be involved in a plan of action:
We are committed to withdrawing our troops by the end of the year.

Question 18

cooperate

Answer 18

to act or work together for a particular purpose, or to be helpful by doing what someone asks you to do:
A two-year old is likely to refuse to cooperate when you tell her to get dressed.
The two companies have cooperated in joint ventures for the past several years.
The Spanish authorities cooperated with the British police in finding the terrorists.

Question 19

deceive

Answer 19

to persuade someone that something false is the truth, or to keep the truth hidden from someone for your own advantage:
The company deceived customers by selling old computers as new ones.
The sound of the door closing deceived me into thinking they had gone out.

Question 20

tax fraud

Answer 20

the crime of getting money by deceiving people:
credit card fraud
He is fighting extradition to Hong Kong to face trial on fraud charges.

Question 21

tax evasion

Answer 21

ways of illegally paying less tax than you should

Question 22

tax relief

Answer 22

the system of allowing someone not to pay tax on a part of their income

Question 23

regressive tax

Answer 23

a tax in which poor people pay a higher percentage of their income than rich people:
It’s a regressive tax that hurts poor people more than anyone.
This state has one of the most regressive tax systems in the nation.

Question 24

back tax

Answer 24

tax that has not been paid for previous financial years:
He owes more than $200,000 in back taxes.
The company is struggling to pay off its enormous back tax bill.

Question 25

low taxes

Answer 25

used to describe places where you do not have to pay a lot of tax:

Question 26

tax threshold

Answer 26

the level of income or money earned above which people or companies must pay tax, or must pay a higher rate of tax:
The government has announced a rise in the tax threshold for lower-paid workers.
Where investors fall below the income tax threshold, there may be cases where they would pay no tax at all on their fund.
You need to plan very carefully your mix of earnings and investment to stay beneath the higher-rate tax threshold.

Question 27

loophole

Answer 27

a small mistake in an agreement or law that gives someone the chance to avoid having to do something:
tax loopholes
The company employed lawyers to find loopholes in environmental protection laws.

Question 28

tax bracket

Answer 28

przedzial podatkowy.a range of similar incomes used to calculate the rate of income tax that people must pay:
For investors who are in the 15% federal income tax bracket, the gains will be taxed at a maximum of 10%.
high/low tax bracket If you’re in the highest tax bracket, you may want to set aside funds in a tax-free account.
the bottom/top tax bracket

Question 29

tax benefit

Answer 29

a reduction in the amount of tax that a person or organization would normally have to pay in a particular situation, for doing something that the government is trying to encourage:
There are some very attractive tax benefits to investing in these bonds.

Question 30

tax rebate

Answer 30

an amount of money that is paid back to you if you have paid too much tax:
More than 2 million taxpayers will receive checks totaling $1 billion because of the federal tax rebate program.