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EXCI 202 > Lesson #7 > Flashcards

Lesson #7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major functions of the digestive system?

A
  • digestion

- absorption

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2
Q

What structures are part of the digestive system?

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
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3
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A 
teeth + tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
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4
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract? and their functions

A
  • mucosa -> innermost layer, secretes mucus which lubricates and allows food to slide
  • submucosa -> consist of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves. Blood supply maintains cells of digestive system
  • muscularis -> responsible for movement of material through the GI tract. mixing ingested materials with digestive secretions
  • serosa -> thin epithelial tissue that wraps around GI tract. secretes fluid that lubricates outside of tract to reduce friction with other surfaces
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5
Q

Name the processes integral to digestive system function

A 
1- ingestion
2- propulsion
3- secretion
4- mechanical digestion
5- chemical digestion
6- absorption
7- defecation
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6
Q

What is ingestion?

A
  • process of intake of food
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7
Q

What is propulsion?

A
  • movement of food along D.T through gastric motility
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8
Q

What is gastric motility

A

major means of propulsion. alternating contractions and relaxations that forces food to move forward

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9
Q

What is secretion>

A

secretion of digestive enzymes and other substances, liquifies, adjust pH and chemically breaks down food

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10
Q

What are the different mechanical digestion?

A

chewing of food

- muscular churning of the stomach and small intestine through segmentation

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11
Q

What is segmentation?

A

similar to peristalsis except that the rhythmic timing of the muscle constrictions forces the food backward and forward rather than forward only!

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12
Q

What is chemical digestion>

A

process carried out by enzymes in the stomach and small intestines

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13
Q

How does absorption occur>

A

movement of molecules by passive or active transport from digestive tract to adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels

  • entrance of digested food into the body
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14
Q

What is defecation?

A

Process of eliminating undigested material through the anus

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15
Q

How are digestion processes accomplished

A

organs of GI tract + accessory organs with in conjunction with

  • endocrine system which provides secretion
  • nervous system, triggers enzyme release
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16
Q

What are the two accessory organs important in the mouth. What are their roles?

A
  • Teeth -> mastication, designed to cut, tear, and grind ingested food
  • tongue -> tastes, positions, an manipulates food so that it can form bolus, with aid of mucus, water, and saliva.
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17
Q

What enzyme is found in saliva? What is its role?

A

amylase -> begins the chemical break down of carbohydrates

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18
Q

What is the role of the oropharynx

A

swallowing and degluitition moves bolus from mouth to stomach. once it passes the oropharynx, it enters digestive tube portion

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19
Q

What is the role of eosophagus?

A
  • is a collapsable flexible tube
  • extends from pharynx to stomach
  • lies posterior to trachaea
  • food moves by peristalsis (rythmic waves)
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20
Q

Role of stomach

A
  • can hold 1-1.5 liters
  • varies in size according to distention
  • functions:
    1- serves as a reservoir where food can be partially digested until moved further along

2- secretes gastric juices that aids in digestion

3- chums the food by contractions breaking into small particles and mixing food with gastric juice well

4- secretes intrinsic factors -> protein necessary for absorption of vit B.12

5- performs limited amount of absorption -> drugs, alcohol, FA

6- produces hormone Gastrin which helps regulate digestive functions + ghrelin which increases appetite

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21
Q

What are the two major functions of small intestine?

A

1- chemical digestion

2- absorption

22
Q

What is chyme?

A

semifluid mass created during digestion once the food has been churned and mixed by the gastric juice of the stomach

23
Q

Where do most of the chemica digestion and absorption occur?why ?

A

in jejunum and ileum

- because of villi and turns which increases absoprtion

24
Q

What does the small intestine digest?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, N.A

25
Q

What is bile?

A
  • a mixture of water, ions, cholesterol, bile pigments and bile salts
  • important in mechanical digestion of fats
  • assis lipase in chemically digesting fats
26
Q

Name the accessory organs?What is their major role?

A
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
27
Q

what is the role of the pancreas? What enzymes does it release?

A
  • contains exocrine glands that produce enzymes for digestion

1- trypsin and chymotrypsin -> to digest proteins

2- amylase for digestion of carbohydrates

3- lipase to break down fats

  • contains endocrine components that have cells that release hormones into blood stream

1- insulin -> lowers blood sugar
2- glucagon -> raises blood sugar

28
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A
  • largest gland in body
  • receives nutrient rich blood from from GI tract through hepatic portal vein.

1 - produce bile to aid in fat metabolism

2 - role in controlling blood glucose levels

  • > by removing excess glucose and storing it as glycogen
  • > breaking down glycogen to raise blood glucose levels

3- packages lipids with protein carrier molecules to form lipoproteins which transport lipids into blood

4- stores iron and Vit. DEKA, B12 and folate.

5- removes poisonous substance such as lead, mercury, other toxins and converts the by-product of AA, Urea, excretion

29
Q

What is the role of the large intestine? what are the structures?

A
  • cecum, colon, rectum and canal
    roles:
    1 -> absorb most of water remaining in indigestible food + Na + K, adjusting consistancy of wate

2 -> store the feces

3 -> eliinate feces from the body

30
Q

Name some of the diseases that can affect GI tract and accessory organs?

A
  • cancer
  • gallstones -> digestive byproducts harden inside the gallbladder creating swelling, blockage and considerable pain
  • hepatitis -> Major illness of the liver caused by one of 5 viruses, sometimes medication, drugs, toxins and alcohol
  • Cirrhosis of the liver -> often a result of excessive alcohol consumption, causing scarring of liver tissue and often risk factor for liver cancer
  • Pancreatitis -> inflammation of the pancreas caused by enzymes activated inside the pancreas that should be activated in the small intestine
  • Cystic fibrosis -> hereditary disorder affecting the exocrine glands. Causes the production of abnormally thick mucus leading to the blockage of the pancreatic ducts, intestines and bronchi and often resulting in respiratory infections
31
Q

Why are digestive disorder diagnosis complex?

A

is a consequence of the multitude of factors involved

32
Q

How does stress affect digestive disorders?

A
  • often the root cause of digestive irregularities
  • can precipitate symptoms
  • results in change of eating habits
  • emotional distress can worsen symptoms for those with diagnosed digestive disorders
33
Q

What are common symptoms of a variety of disorders?

A
  • gas, bloating, cramps, nausea, diarrhea -> associates with many problems, hard to to pinpoint
34
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease? (GERD)
prevalence
- symptoms
- risk factors

A
  • Blackflow of stomach contents upward into the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter
  • > lining of the stomach protects it from the effects of its own acids
  • most common acid-related condition -> 10-20% of pop

symptoms:
-> besides heartburn, regurgitation, belching, upset stomach, vomiting

risk factors:
-> obesity, smoking, asthma, 50+, eating or drinking specific food

35
Q

Name many well known digestive diseases?

A
  • GERD
  • ULCERS
  • enteritis and gastroenteritis
  • irritable bowl syndrome
36
Q

describe ulcers, cause, prevalence, symptoms

A
  • erosion or sore in the lining of the stomach or intestine
  • occurs when protective mucus lining wears away in a specific area
  • most are caused by H. pylori, taking acetylsalicytic acid (ASA), taking anti-inflammatory (ibuprofen)
  • stress and spicy food might worsen, they do NOT cause ulcers
  • about 10% of people will have in their live
  • common symptom: burning pain in abdomen
  • common complication: bleeding
37
Q

Describe enteritis/gastro entiritis

A

entiritis:
- inflammation of small intestine, often in response to viral or bacterial invasion

Gastroentiritis
- inflamation of somach and small intestine, caused by a virus (stomach flu), common, highly contagious

  • rate of infection is much higher than rate of gastroentiritis because most people are immune

symtoms:
- vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, aching muscles, headaches 1-3days

38
Q

how do bacterial gastroentiritis differ?

A

called food poisoning

  • can be caused by bacteria themselves of the toxins they produce
  • can begin immediately or delayed for couple of days
  • can cause serious or acute reactions
39
Q

describe IBS?

A
  • common disorder causing abdominal pain with constipation, diarrhea or both
  • not collitis which is more serious
  • does not cause structural damage to organs - IBD does

20% of population

  • episodic
  • unlike IBD, IBS does not increase risk of cancer of the colon
40
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body(ie: joints, skin as foreign)

41
Q

Name some autoimmune diseases?

A
  • type 1 diabetes - damage the pancreas
  • systemic lupus -> causes inflammation that can affect many different body systems
  • rheumatoid arthritis attack the joints
  • IBD
  • Pernicious anemia
  • celiac disease
42
Q

what are the prevalence of autoimmune diseases?

A

women 2x>men
during childbearing years
- some are more common in certain ethnic groups

43
Q

What are causes of autoimmune diseases>

A 
still remain unclear but:
genetics
infections
diet
exposure to chemicals
44
Q

Describe Inflammatory bowel disease

A
  • autoimmune that causes inflammation of the lining of the intestinal wall
    oe: crohns disease -> commonly affects ileum of small intestine and colon ->exact cause is unclear
  • is episodic
  • no current cure but use multidisciplinary approach
45
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

causes deficiency in protein intrinsic factors needed to absorb vit. b12

  • > without B12:
  • develop anemia
  • body’s ability for proper DNA synthesis will be altered
46
Q

celiac disease

A

can’t eat food with gluten

- when found in GI tract, immune system will attack that part of GI tract and cause inflammation

47
Q

What are food intolerances?

A
  • can be food intolerance (does not involve the immune system)
  • food allergies (involve immune system
48
Q

What are food allergies?

A
  • involves immune system
  • a food particle is mistaken for invader and attacked
  • > first attack - develop antibodies (IgE)
  • > next attack -> release A.B + other chemical (histamine)

Prevalence: 3-4% of adults
children: 6%

49
Q

how can one maintain a healthy digestive system?

A

1- eat food high in fiber, reduce risk of diverticulitis and IBS

2- consume soluble and insoluble fibers to keep stools regular and reduce colon disease

3- reduce fat intake which can slow the digestive process

4- choose lean meets

5- consider using pro-biotics in yogourt diet -> shown to improve immune and nutrient absorption

6- follow regular eating schedule to avoid overeating

7- stay hydrated -> affects ease of passage

8 - regulating and reducing tobacco, alcohol, caffeine

9- get regular exercise increases digestive process

10- managing stress can reduce digestive distress

50
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

inflammation of small pouches called diverticula

EXCI 202 (7 decks)

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