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EXCI 202 > Lesson #13 > Flashcards

Lesson #13 Flashcards

1
Q

What can cancer statistics be used for?

A
  • Describe health status of population
  • Evaluate a test, treatment, therapeutic trial look for and identify causal factors
  • assess the quality and control of certain practices
  • assess and establish the health care economic system
  • illustrate the probability of healing, remission, or recurrence
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2
Q

What are the different variable to consider with individual situations in regards to statistics?

A
  • type of cancer
  • location of cancer
  • stage of cancer
  • response to treatment
  • important not to draw inferences
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3
Q

What are the different stages of cancer and what do they mean?

A

0 - no cancer, only abnormal cells with the potential to become cancer
1 - cancer is small in one area
2/3 - means cancer is larger and has grown into nearby tissues or lymph
4- means the cancer has spread to other parts of you body

  • patients with the same disease stage tend to have similar treatments
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4
Q

According to WHO what is the leading cause of death?

A

cancer - 9.6 million deaths

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5
Q

What information was found in regards to cancer resources?

A
  • 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low-middle income countries
  • 25% of those are caused by hepatitis and HPV
  • late stage diagnosis and inacessible diagnosis and treatment are common in those communities
  • only 1 in 5 low-middle income countries have the necessary data to drive cancer policy.
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6
Q

What are the 6 major modifiable factors that the WHO report reinforces the relationship between cancer behavior and dietary risks

A
  • high BMI
  • low fruit and vegetable intake
  • alcohol use
  • tobacco use (most important risk factor for cancer)
  • lack of P.A
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7
Q

according to statistics canada in 2019 what % of people will develop and die of cancer?

A

1/2 will develop cancer

1/4 will die of cancer

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8
Q

What are the leading causes of cancer death?

A
  • lung
  • breast
  • Colorectal
  • prostate
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9
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer?

A

lung cancer

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10
Q

Since 1988, death rates from cancer has made progress, how much in each gender?

A

35% in men, 20% in women

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11
Q

What cancers have the higest survival rates?

A

thyroid and testicular

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12
Q

how does biological sex, age and region affect cancer diagnosis?

A

sex:

  • men: more likely to be diagnosed
  • women: more likely to survive

age:

  • 90% of cancer diagnosis occur in those >50yrs
  • in 2016, cancer was leading cause of death in <15yrs

region:
- higher in the east of canada

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13
Q

What are the newly emerging pattern in CCS in 2019?

A
  • blood related have biggest increase in survival
  • pancreatic is 3 leading cause of death
  • breast cancer death rates decreased 48% since 1986
  • lung, incidence and death rates is now decreasing
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14
Q

What is the situation in quebec?

A
  • cancer is leading cause of death
  • numbers keep increasing because of increasing population
  • most diagnosed: prostate in men, breast in women
  • leading in death: lung
  • mortality rate has decreased since 1988 - increase in 5 year survival from 55% to 63%
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15
Q

what elements can help prevent cancer?

A
  • healthy diet
  • lifestyle behaviours and physical activity
  • healthy weight
  • be aware of warning signs and screening policies for asymptomatic ind
  • awareness of environmental carcinogens
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16
Q

Name lifestyle risk factors

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol intake (recommended only 1F, 2M)
  • diet high in red/processed meat increases risk of colorectal cancer -> fruits/vegetables may be protective
  • physical activity: lowers the risk (low intensity endurance activities)
  • sedentary lifestyle increases risk of cancer
  • last three need additional research
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17
Q

What diet changes can you make to decrease odds of cancer?

A
  • reduce saturated fat, especially red meat
  • increase to at least 5 servings of fruits and veg
  • establishing daily caloric intake that helps maintain body weight
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18
Q

What vitamins has scientific research in relation to cancer?

on-going research?

A

Vit D - may lower risk of some types of cancer

ongoing - selenium - helps agaisnt oxidative damage and infection

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19
Q

What carcinogens have been identified?

A

asbestos
arsenic
radon

20
Q

What is known about vaccines?

A

the HPV vaccines helps to protect against cervical caner

21
Q

What is melanoma?

A

type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells (melanocytes) - typically occurs in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eyes

22
Q

What are the risk of people in 1980s of developing sking cancer vs. 1960?

A

2-3 times more

23
Q

What is the comprehensive approach to skin cancer prevention?

A
  • wear SPF30
  • seek shade, especially between 10-4
  • dont get sunburn
  • avoid tanning
  • cover up with clothing, hat, sunglasses
  • examine your skin and seek dermatologist if needed
24
Q

What can be used to early detection and diagnosis?

A

The CAUTION acronym?

  • changes in bowel or bladder habit
  • a sore that doesnt heal
  • unusual bleeding or bloody discharge
  • thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
  • indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  • obvious change in wart or mole
  • nagging cough or hoarseness
25
Q

What types of tests are used for diagnosing cancer?

A

Imaging:

  • Xrays
  • CT scan (combination of many xrays)
  • MRI (use magnetic fields, gradients, and radio waves)
  • ultrasounds (use high frequency sound wave)

Biopsy:
- removal of small piece of tissue, analyzed under microscope to see characteristics

Blood tests:
- Can use tumor markers such as prostate specific antigen (PSA test) - it is made by the cancer cell

DNA analysis:

  • can be used to identity gene mutations associated with cancer
  • can use sputum for lung cancer, urine for bladder, feces for colon

Routine tests:

  • self-exams (breast, skin, testical)
  • primarily implemented in high-income countries
26
Q

What do screening guidelines for asymptomatic patients vary on?

A
  • depend on individuals age

- personal risk level

27
Q

What are screening guidelines for asymptomatic patients for prostate

A
  • PSA or digital rectal exams
  • limitations for testing may outweigh benefits of screening of men at average risk of developping
  • recommend talking to doctor about benefits and limitations
28
Q

What are screening guidelines for asymptomatic patients for cervical cancer?

A
  • paptest every 1-3 years as of 21 years (for those sexually active)
  • those with higher risk, tested more often
29
Q

What are screening guidelines for asymptomatic patients for colorectal cancer

A
  • stool tests (every 2 years for those 50-74)

- follow up of positive test with colonoscopy (not recommended for those who don’t have a high risk of cancer

30
Q

What are screening guidelines for asymptomatic patients for breast cancer?

A
  • wtv age, know what is normal

- mammography - low energy x-rays is the most reliable method of finding breast cancer

31
Q

What are the different types of cancer treatments?

A

Surgery:
- when tumor is accessible and easily removes without damage. When removed early with carcinoma in situ, complete cure is possible.

Radiation therapy:
- if tumor metastasized (spread)

Chemotherapy:

  • used when cancer has spread. Reach all parts of the body and affects rapidly dividing cells
  • different drugs can target different targets
  • several drugs combined usually
32
Q

how does radiation affect cells?

A
  • damages DNA ells
  • other cells can be damaged (ie: reproductive cells, epithelia, cells lining stomach, cells giving rise to blood and hair
33
Q

What are side effects of radiation?

A
  • sterility temporary
  • hair loss
  • nauseau
  • anemia
34
Q

What is a stem cell transplant?

A
  • replaces stem cells when bone marrow have been damaged or destroyed by the disease or through radiation or chemotherapy
  • stem cells develop into different cells
  • can be allogeneic (removed from donor) or autologous (one’s own stem cells are harvested)
35
Q

What is the goal of immunotherapy?

A

to boost the immune system (Cytotoxic T cells) so that it becomes more effective at destroying cancer cells

36
Q

What are the different types of immunotherapy?

A
  • immune checkpoint inhibitors
  • T- cell transfer therapy
  • monoclonal antibodies
  • treatment vaccines
  • immune system modulators
37
Q

Describe immune checkpoint inhibitors?

A

Check points keep immune response from being too strong. inhibitors allows cells to respond to cancer more strongly

38
Q

Describe T-cell transfer therapy

A
  • immune cells are taken from tumor and changed in the lab
  • selected cells are grown in large batches
  • cells are put back into body
39
Q

Describe monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • immune system proteins created in the lab
  • designed to bind to specific targets on cancer cells
  • some mark cancer cells so that they will be better sen and destroyed by immune system
40
Q

Describe how vaccines can work vs. cancer?

A
  • can help by boosting immune system
41
Q

What are immune system modulators?

A
  • enhances the body’s immune response agaisnt cancer
42
Q

What are side effects that can occur with immunotherapy?

A
  • when immune system is extremely activated
43
Q

What are the focus for improving immunotherapy?

A
  • finding solutions for resistance
  • finding ways to predict responses to immunotherapy
  • learning more about how cancer cells evade or suppress immune responses against them
  • how to reduce the side effects of treatment from immunotherapy
44
Q

Name another focus of treatmnets?

A

inhibition of blood vessel formation, which brings nourishment and provides a pathway for cancer cell migration

  • > aims at starving the cancer cells
  • > often used in combination with chemotherapy
45
Q

What is gene therapy? Car-T and clinical trials

A

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EXCI 202 (7 decks)

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