Lesson #6 Flashcards
What does cardiovascular disease?
umbrella for all types of diseases that affect the heart or blood vessels. It includes coronary heart disease (clogged arteries)
What can coronary heart disease cause?
- heart attack
- stroke
- congenital heart defects
- peripheral artery disease
Are all cardiovascular diseases heart diseases
no
but all heart diseases are cardiovascular disease
What is the most common type of heart disease?
coronary ischemic heart disease
- when the blood flow to the heart is reduced, prevention the heart muscle rom receiving enough oxygen
- usually the result of a partial or complete blockage
What is coronary heart disease and what can it lead to?
- narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke
is cardiovascular disease 1 or 2 leading cause of death?
has rates gone down?
second
- death rates dropped by 27%
how do symptoms differ between men and women?
men:
- more likely to have chest pain
women:
- chest pain + shortness of breath + nausea
+ extreme fatigue
What is tachycardia and bradycardia?
- faster than normal while at rest
- beats slower than normal
What are the different types of causes for CVD?
- hereditary:
- > congenital heart defects
- > valve disease
Other causes:
- > lifestyle factors
- > hereditary causes
- > infections, viruses, bacteria
What is coronary heart disease often referred as?
heart disease
What is artheriosclerosis?
- occurs when the arteries that carry O2 and nutrients from the heart become thick and stiff
- sometimes can restricts blood flow to organs and tissues
Name a specific type of arteriosclerosis. What is it?
atherosclerosis
- build up of fats, cholestreol and other substances on the artery wall (plaque) which can restrict blood flow
- plaque can burst and trigger a blood clot
- often considered a heart problem
- can occur anywhere in body
- may be preventable and is treatable
How do symptoms vary?
- can have no symptoms at all, sometimes blood clot breads apart and triggers HA or stroke
It is a slow progressive disease - can have moderate to severe atherosclerosis:
- > arteries in heart = chest pain
- > arteries to brain = weakness in arm/legs, slurred speech
- > arteries to arms and legs = leg pain and walking
- > arteries leading to kidney = high blood pressure and kidney afailure
What are causes of atherosclerosis?
1- Damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery due to HBP, cholesterol, smoking, diabetes
2- Blood cells and other substances clumps and build up in the inner lining of artery. fat deposits made up of cholesterol and other cellular products also build up
3- Organs and tissues connected to blocked arteries don’t receive enough blood
4- smooth lining of the plaque may rupture and substances spill into bloostream
5- blood clot which block blood flow and can travel to other organs
What is blood pressure?
a common condition in which the long-term force of blood agaisnt an artery wall is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems such as heart disease
What is high blood pressure determined by?
- amount of blood the heart pumps
- amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries
What causes left ventricular hypertrophy
when occluded arteries force the heart to do extra work,
left -> when aorta is occluded or enlargement and thickening of the walls of your left ventricle
What causes right ventricular hypertrophy?
- abnormal enlargement in the right ventricle, due to lung disease or blockage of pulmonary artery
What are the two types of high blood pressure?
1- primary (essential HP)
- no identificable cause
develops gradually over many years
2- secondary hypertension
- caused by underlying condition (ie: obstructive sleep apnea, kidney problems, congenital blood vessels abnormalities)
- tends to appear suddenly and crease very high blood pressure lvels
How do symptoms manifest themselves?
- can have high blood pressure and go undetected for many years
- uncontrollable is very risky for heart attack and stroke
- can be easily detected and managed medically + lifestyle modifications
What are non-controllable risk factors of HBP?
- age
- race
- family history
What are controllable factors of HBP?
- obesity and overweight
- inactivity
- smoking
- caffeine intake
- alcohol consumption
- diet (sodium intake + insufficient K intake)
A blood pressure between 120-139 / 80-89 is?
pre-hypertensive
What is considered a high blood pressure Stage 1?
140-159/90-99
What is considered stage 2
160 or higher / 100 or higher
What are the three broad categories of RF for coronary heart disease?
1- major risk factors -> significantly increase risk of heat and blood vessel disease
2- modifiable RF -> can be modified, treated or controlled through medication or lifestyle change
3- contributing RF -> associated with increased risk of CVD but their significance/pervalence has not yet been determined
How does age affect risk of CVD?
aging alone does not increase risk
- but there is an incremental increase in the the presence of other risk factors with age
- age-associated risk can be minimized by avoidance of other risk factors
How does gender affect risk of CVD?
women’s risk of CVD is less than that of men
How does hereditary affect CVD?
- increased risk for children of parents with HD
- > presence of HD in either parents or sibling (before 55 for men, or 65 for women)
- race:
- > african or south asian are more likely to have HBP, diabetes or other RF
- > so are first nations, metis, inuit people
How does shared lifestyle and env. affect HD?
- smokers or fast food eaters can influence blood pressure and cholesterol levels
- air pollution, water chemicals, can contribute to HD
How does HD affect women?
- number one killer in women above 55
- women with diabeters, ethnic back ground or in menopause are at risk
What acts as a protective agent for women? What can counter that protective agent?
- estrogen -> tend to be safeguarded during reproductive life cycle
- having diabetes
what are the modifiable risk factors>
1 - tobacco and second hand smoke
-> much higher risk
2- Blood cholesterol
3- high blood pressure
4- physical inactivity
5- diabetes
6- obesity and overweight
What does nicotine cause in smokers?
- increase blood pressure
- HR
- flow of blood
- narrows arteries
- hardens the arterial walls
- leads to a heart attack
how does cholesterol levels affect risks?
blood cholesterol + other risk factors increases risk of CHD
What is total cholesterol?
HLD + LDL + 20% of triglyceride level
What is LDL cholesterol?
- bad cholesterol
- a low level is considered good for the heart
- diet in saturated and trans fat and raise LDL
What is HDL? What can affect HDL?
- good cholesterol
- higher level is better, low puts one at risk
- > can be affected by type 2 diabetes, smoking, being overweight and sedentary
What is considered a desirable TOTAL LDL HDL TRIGLYCERIDES
total: <200
LDL: <130
HDL: 50 or higher
triglycerides <200
how does blood pressure affect risk of CHD?
-it increases workload on heart
- thick and stiff muscle
- abnormal function
- increaesd risk of stroke, HA, kidney failure, congestive heart failure
if have elevated systolic >60 yrs -> increases risk
What are major contributors to high blood pressure?
- diet
- smoking
- alcohol consumption
How does Physical inactivity affect CHD?
activity helps control blood cholesterol, diabetes, obesity
how does diabetes affect CVD?
severely increases risk of HD and stroke
How does obesity and being overweight affect CVD?
more likely to develop
Name the contributing risk factors to CVD?
1- Stress - > research shows a relationship
2- alcohol -> can raise blood pressure
3- diet and nutrition -> choose nutrient rich foods,
- vitamins, minerals, fiber, lower in calories, vegetables, fruits, whole grain
What is the role of the respiratory system?
aids the body in exchange of gases between the air and blood and between the blood and the body’s cells
- filters, warms and humidifies the air we breathe
- speech
- sense of smell
- maintains homeostasis
- balance of internal environment
What structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- are located outside the chest cavity
What structures are part of the lower RT>
- trachea
- lungs
- bronchial tree
- located inside the chest cavity
What is the function of the URP not related to respiration?
- food passage
- speech development
- passage of air
What are the functions of LRT?
- Functions to aid respiration
- trachae is the main airway to lungs
What is the role of the diaphragm?
to contract and rela to allow air into the lungs
how many breaths are taken / minute?
15-20 breaths
how does air get into lungs?
diaphgram and rib cage pump thelung
- as lungs expand -> air is pulled in
- as lung compress -> air is exhaled
What is the pathway of air?
throat -> trachea -> bronchial tubes -> smaller subdivision -> bronchioles -> air sac called alveoli
How does breathing occur?
is considered the gas exchange
- O2 -> from alveoli -> capillaries -> blood -> heart -> pumped to body
- CO2 passes from blood into the alveoli and then makes its journey out of body
What protects the lung? How?
cilia that line the bronchial tubes, they spread mucus into the throat -> cleans out the lungs
Name respiratory conditions?
- asthma
- lung cancer
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- lung infection
What is asthma? how does it affect children?
- lung disease where the air passageways in the lungs become inflammed or narrowed - making it hard to breathe
- most common chronic disease in children
describe lung cancer? - prevalence and symptoms
- men>women
- leading cause of death in both
symptoms:
- coughing blood
- cough doesn’t leave
- shortness of breath
- wheezing
- headaches
- hoarseness
- weight loss
- bone pain
What is COPD?
- disease that prevents a person from breathing properly becaues of excess mucus or the degeneration of the lungs
- chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Name two types of lung infections and what are they caused by?
- caused by viruses, but also fungal org. or bacterial
ie: bronchitis/ pneumonia
-severe infections can cause fluid in the lungs and other symptoms
