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EXCI 202 > Lesson #6 > Flashcards

Lesson #6 Flashcards

1
Q

What does cardiovascular disease?

A

umbrella for all types of diseases that affect the heart or blood vessels. It includes coronary heart disease (clogged arteries)

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2
Q

What can coronary heart disease cause?

A
  • heart attack
  • stroke
  • congenital heart defects
  • peripheral artery disease
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3
Q

Are all cardiovascular diseases heart diseases

A

no

but all heart diseases are cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

What is the most common type of heart disease?

A

coronary ischemic heart disease

  • when the blood flow to the heart is reduced, prevention the heart muscle rom receiving enough oxygen
  • usually the result of a partial or complete blockage
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5
Q

What is coronary heart disease and what can it lead to?

A
  • narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke
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6
Q

is cardiovascular disease 1 or 2 leading cause of death?

has rates gone down?

A

second

- death rates dropped by 27%

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7
Q

how do symptoms differ between men and women?

A

men:
- more likely to have chest pain

women:
- chest pain + shortness of breath + nausea
+ extreme fatigue

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8
Q

What is tachycardia and bradycardia?

A
  • faster than normal while at rest

- beats slower than normal

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9
Q

What are the different types of causes for CVD?

A
  • hereditary:
  • > congenital heart defects
  • > valve disease

Other causes:

  • > lifestyle factors
  • > hereditary causes
  • > infections, viruses, bacteria
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10
Q

What is coronary heart disease often referred as?

A

heart disease

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11
Q

What is artheriosclerosis?

A
  • occurs when the arteries that carry O2 and nutrients from the heart become thick and stiff
  • sometimes can restricts blood flow to organs and tissues
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12
Q

Name a specific type of arteriosclerosis. What is it?

A

atherosclerosis

  • build up of fats, cholestreol and other substances on the artery wall (plaque) which can restrict blood flow
  • plaque can burst and trigger a blood clot
  • often considered a heart problem
  • can occur anywhere in body
  • may be preventable and is treatable
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13
Q

How do symptoms vary?

A
  • can have no symptoms at all, sometimes blood clot breads apart and triggers HA or stroke
    It is a slow progressive disease
  • can have moderate to severe atherosclerosis:
  • > arteries in heart = chest pain
  • > arteries to brain = weakness in arm/legs, slurred speech
  • > arteries to arms and legs = leg pain and walking
  • > arteries leading to kidney = high blood pressure and kidney afailure
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14
Q

What are causes of atherosclerosis?

A

1- Damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery due to HBP, cholesterol, smoking, diabetes

2- Blood cells and other substances clumps and build up in the inner lining of artery. fat deposits made up of cholesterol and other cellular products also build up

3- Organs and tissues connected to blocked arteries don’t receive enough blood

4- smooth lining of the plaque may rupture and substances spill into bloostream

5- blood clot which block blood flow and can travel to other organs

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15
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

a common condition in which the long-term force of blood agaisnt an artery wall is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems such as heart disease

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16
Q

What is high blood pressure determined by?

A
  • amount of blood the heart pumps

- amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries

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17
Q

What causes left ventricular hypertrophy

A

when occluded arteries force the heart to do extra work,

left -> when aorta is occluded or enlargement and thickening of the walls of your left ventricle

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18
Q

What causes right ventricular hypertrophy?

A
  • abnormal enlargement in the right ventricle, due to lung disease or blockage of pulmonary artery
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19
Q

What are the two types of high blood pressure?

A

1- primary (essential HP)
- no identificable cause
develops gradually over many years

2- secondary hypertension

  • caused by underlying condition (ie: obstructive sleep apnea, kidney problems, congenital blood vessels abnormalities)
  • tends to appear suddenly and crease very high blood pressure lvels
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20
Q

How do symptoms manifest themselves?

A
  • can have high blood pressure and go undetected for many years
  • uncontrollable is very risky for heart attack and stroke
  • can be easily detected and managed medically + lifestyle modifications
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21
Q

What are non-controllable risk factors of HBP?

A
  • age
  • race
  • family history
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22
Q

What are controllable factors of HBP?

A
  • obesity and overweight
  • inactivity
  • smoking
  • caffeine intake
  • alcohol consumption
  • diet (sodium intake + insufficient K intake)
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23
Q

A blood pressure between 120-139 / 80-89 is?

A

pre-hypertensive

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24
Q

What is considered a high blood pressure Stage 1?

A

140-159/90-99

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25
Q

What is considered stage 2

A

160 or higher / 100 or higher

26
Q

What are the three broad categories of RF for coronary heart disease?

A

1- major risk factors -> significantly increase risk of heat and blood vessel disease

2- modifiable RF -> can be modified, treated or controlled through medication or lifestyle change

3- contributing RF -> associated with increased risk of CVD but their significance/pervalence has not yet been determined

27
Q

How does age affect risk of CVD?

A

aging alone does not increase risk

  • but there is an incremental increase in the the presence of other risk factors with age
  • age-associated risk can be minimized by avoidance of other risk factors
28
Q

How does gender affect risk of CVD?

A

women’s risk of CVD is less than that of men

29
Q

How does hereditary affect CVD?

A
  • increased risk for children of parents with HD
  • > presence of HD in either parents or sibling (before 55 for men, or 65 for women)
  • race:
  • > african or south asian are more likely to have HBP, diabetes or other RF
  • > so are first nations, metis, inuit people
30
Q

How does shared lifestyle and env. affect HD?

A
  • smokers or fast food eaters can influence blood pressure and cholesterol levels
  • air pollution, water chemicals, can contribute to HD
31
Q

How does HD affect women?

A
  • number one killer in women above 55

- women with diabeters, ethnic back ground or in menopause are at risk

32
Q

What acts as a protective agent for women? What can counter that protective agent?

A
  • estrogen -> tend to be safeguarded during reproductive life cycle
  • having diabetes
33
Q

what are the modifiable risk factors>

A

1 - tobacco and second hand smoke
-> much higher risk

2- Blood cholesterol

3- high blood pressure

4- physical inactivity

5- diabetes

6- obesity and overweight

34
Q

What does nicotine cause in smokers?

A
  • increase blood pressure
  • HR
  • flow of blood
  • narrows arteries
  • hardens the arterial walls
  • leads to a heart attack
35
Q

how does cholesterol levels affect risks?

A

blood cholesterol + other risk factors increases risk of CHD

36
Q

What is total cholesterol?

A

HLD + LDL + 20% of triglyceride level

37
Q

What is LDL cholesterol?

A
  • bad cholesterol
  • a low level is considered good for the heart
  • diet in saturated and trans fat and raise LDL
38
Q

What is HDL? What can affect HDL?

A
  • good cholesterol
  • higher level is better, low puts one at risk
  • > can be affected by type 2 diabetes, smoking, being overweight and sedentary
39
Q 
What is considered a desirable
TOTAL
LDL
HDL
TRIGLYCERIDES
A

total: <200
LDL: <130
HDL: 50 or higher
triglycerides <200

40
Q

how does blood pressure affect risk of CHD?

A

-it increases workload on heart
- thick and stiff muscle
- abnormal function
- increaesd risk of stroke, HA, kidney failure, congestive heart failure
if have elevated systolic >60 yrs -> increases risk

41
Q

What are major contributors to high blood pressure?

A
  • diet
  • smoking
  • alcohol consumption
42
Q

How does Physical inactivity affect CHD?

A

activity helps control blood cholesterol, diabetes, obesity

43
Q

how does diabetes affect CVD?

A

severely increases risk of HD and stroke

44
Q

How does obesity and being overweight affect CVD?

A

more likely to develop

45
Q

Name the contributing risk factors to CVD?

A

1- Stress - > research shows a relationship
2- alcohol -> can raise blood pressure
3- diet and nutrition -> choose nutrient rich foods,
- vitamins, minerals, fiber, lower in calories, vegetables, fruits, whole grain

46
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

aids the body in exchange of gases between the air and blood and between the blood and the body’s cells

  • filters, warms and humidifies the air we breathe
  • speech
  • sense of smell
  • maintains homeostasis
  • balance of internal environment
47
Q

What structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • are located outside the chest cavity
48
Q

What structures are part of the lower RT>

A
  • trachea
  • lungs
  • bronchial tree
  • located inside the chest cavity
49
Q

What is the function of the URP not related to respiration?

A
  • food passage
  • speech development
  • passage of air
50
Q

What are the functions of LRT?

A
  • Functions to aid respiration

- trachae is the main airway to lungs

51
Q

What is the role of the diaphragm?

A

to contract and rela to allow air into the lungs

52
Q

how many breaths are taken / minute?

A

15-20 breaths

53
Q

how does air get into lungs?

A

diaphgram and rib cage pump thelung

  • as lungs expand -> air is pulled in
  • as lung compress -> air is exhaled
54
Q

What is the pathway of air?

A

throat -> trachea -> bronchial tubes -> smaller subdivision -> bronchioles -> air sac called alveoli

55
Q

How does breathing occur?

A

is considered the gas exchange
- O2 -> from alveoli -> capillaries -> blood -> heart -> pumped to body

  • CO2 passes from blood into the alveoli and then makes its journey out of body
56
Q

What protects the lung? How?

A

cilia that line the bronchial tubes, they spread mucus into the throat -> cleans out the lungs

57
Q

Name respiratory conditions?

A
  • asthma
  • lung cancer
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • lung infection
58
Q

What is asthma? how does it affect children?

A
  • lung disease where the air passageways in the lungs become inflammed or narrowed - making it hard to breathe
  • most common chronic disease in children
59
Q

describe lung cancer? - prevalence and symptoms

A
  • men>women
  • leading cause of death in both

symptoms:

  • coughing blood
  • cough doesn’t leave
  • shortness of breath
  • wheezing
  • headaches
  • hoarseness
  • weight loss
  • bone pain
60
Q

What is COPD?

A
  • disease that prevents a person from breathing properly becaues of excess mucus or the degeneration of the lungs
  • chronic bronchitis and emphysema
61
Q

Name two types of lung infections and what are they caused by?

A
  • caused by viruses, but also fungal org. or bacterial
    ie: bronchitis/ pneumonia

-severe infections can cause fluid in the lungs and other symptoms

EXCI 202 (7 decks)

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