Lesson #1

Question 1

How has the way we think about health shifted?

Answer 1

used to be thought simply as the absence of disease

• WHO has since changed health to being about “well-being” where health is on a continuum from premature health to optimal well-being.
• health incorporates other domains of our lives: social, emotional, intellectual, occupational, academic, and spiritual

Question 2

What other aspects play a role in attaining health? where self-efficacy plays a major role

Answer 2

• social and personal resources

- physical capacities

Question 3

What is self-efficacy? What is it a key factor of?

Answer 3

• Strong belief in one’s ability to achieve goals despite the presence of obstacles and challenges
• key factor in maintaining health and wellness over our lifespan

Question 4

What are factors that determine health and wellness?

Answer 4

• non-modifiable factors (genetics and aging)

- modifiable, controllable factors (posture, diet, exercise, sleep, coping techniques for stress)

Question 5

In what way does the human body function?

Answer 5

in a hierarchical and symbiotic way - where complex form depends on underlying more simple form

Question 6

how does anatomy and physiology differ? Give their definition

Answer 6

Physiology - the study of function of body parts and the body as a whole

anatomy - the study of the structure and relationship between body parts

Question 7

What is the role of the heart?

Answer 7

• to receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumping it to the body
• pumping deoxygenated blood from the body and to be sent to the lungs and eliminated

Question 8

Describe the main function of the heart?

Answer 8

• properly direct blood flow to all regions of the body
• maintain appropriate pressure within entire system
• respond to demands to increase of decrease blood volume and heart rate

Question 9

What does system interdependence work at achieving and give an example of it?

Answer 9

systems such as the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system all work together to maintain homeostasis.

ie: fight or flight response

Question 10

What is the fight or flight response?

Answer 10

an intricate set of physiological responses intiated by the hypothalamus and adrenal glands that produce a complex series of changes that provide us with the best chance to survive.

Question 11

What is homeostasis?

Answer 11

a property of cells, tissues and organisms that allows the maintenance an d regulation of the stability and constancy of the internal physiological environment needed to function properly, despite a constantly changing external environment.

Question 12

Name the different systems of the body and describe their role?

Answer 12

• urinary -> maintain electrolytes and rid the body of waste such as urea
• reproductive -> allow for reproduction
• digestive -> breaks down substances to absorb them and eliminate rest as waste.
• Respiratory -> structures that carry air to and out of the lungs
• Immune -> Protects from the pathogen, allergens and our own cells that have mutated.
• Lymphatic -> maintains fluid balance, and defend against pathogens and other foreign material.
• cardiovascular -> pumps/transports blood to all body cells and carry waste away from cells
• endocrine ->glands that secrete hormones and chemical substances that regulate body activities
• nervous -> comprised of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs
• muscular -> maintains posture and helps us move
• skeletal -> basic framework of the body, protects and supports, made of bones, joints, and cartilage
• integumentary -> made up of skin, hair, nails, covering the entire body, regulates body temperature and creates structures for sensation

Question 13

What are the two important biological principles?

Answer 13

1- ability to adapt in response to our constantly changing external env. and as a consequence of our daily experiences

2- ability to maintain an internal homeostasis

Question 14

Name examples of homeostasis?

Answer 14

• maintaining body temp
• keeping blood glucose levels constant by regulating insulin production
• lymphatic response to invading bacteria
• maintaining O2 levels through regulating breathing rate and respiratory volume, HR and blood volume

Question 15

What are the two different feedback mechanisms?

Answer 15

• positive feedback: Causes an increase in the effect of the stimulus ie: childbirth, hormone oxytocin increases the frequency and strength of contractions that caused the hormone release
• Negative feedback: reverses the effect of the stimulus. ie: a drop in the core body temp sets in motion a series of responses in order to regain normal core temp.

Question 16

Describe how our body’s temperature (if drops) is regulated?

Answer 16

• body will automatically respond by constricting blood flow to the extremities and cause muscles to shiver uncontrollably. (autonomic nervous system)
• behavioural repsonses (ie: putting a hat on) are part of higher-level executive functions of central nervous system

Question 17

What are the different variables that affect the maintenance of regulated internal env.?

Answer 17

• external environment -> Temp, humidity, air quality, which is uncontrollable because we cannot change it, we can only respond to it
• State of one’s biological health which can be affect by controllable and uncontrollable aspects (ie: aging, predispositions)

Question 18

What is an homeostatic imbalance an give an example?

Answer 18

• an inability of the body to restore a functional stable internal environment.
• ie: aging is a source of homeostatic imbalance within cardiovascular fn

Question 19

Describe adaptation and in what circumstances it is required?

Answer 19

• ability of an organism to respond effectively to varying envi to an environments and conditions.
• some adaptations take a great amount of time to reach, others are faster
  ie: dealing with cold, heat, altitude
• without period of biological adaptation body risks suggering serious altitude-related illenesses

Question 20

What type of stress is exercise?

Answer 20

positive Stressor (eustress) -> moderate or normal stress interpreted as being beneficial to the individual experiencing it.

Question 21

What is a stressor?

Answer 21

A cheical or biological agent, environment condition, external stimulus, or an event that causes stress to an organism. There are two broad categories of stressor: physiological and psychological

Question 22

What is the result of the demand of exercise>

Answer 22

• create immediate physiological responses
• place significant demands on the cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal systems
• cause the body to produce very specific physiological adaptations in response to those repeated physical demands

Question 23

Describe what SAID is and what is stands for?

Answer 23

Specific Adaptations to imposed demands
- The principle of training specificity referred to as specific adaptations to imposed demands holds that training responses/adaptations are tightly coupled to the mode frequency, and duration of exercise performed

Question 24

Give two examples of SAID adaptation with regards to the demands of cycling on a regular basis at a sufficient level of intensity?

Answer 24

• an increase in the heart’s ability to pump blood to the cells
• an increase in the cell’s ability to utilize the oxygen and nutrients being delivered
• the repeated contractions of the leg muscles increasing those muscles ability to produce force with each contraction

Question 25

What other factors affect an individual’s response to exercise?

Answer 25

genetically controlled factors -> not everyone reaps the same fitness rewards from training

Question 26

how does the body respond to repeated stressors?

Answer 26

by attempting to adapt to those demands

ie: during exercise and training, we can see some level of physiological adaptation

Question 27

What occurs when the demands are of sufficient sufficient intensity, duration and frequency?

Answer 27

Then we can expect some level of physiological adaptation - changes in levels of fitness