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EXCI 202 > Lecture #4 > Flashcards

Lecture #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the critical functions of the spine?

A
  • protection of spinal cord
  • permit movement and mobility by:
  • > transfering weight to pelvis and lower limb
  • > provide attachment site for muscles (back, head, neck, upper extremities, thorax)
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2
Q

Describe the spinal structures

A
  • 33 vertebrae
  • 23 intervetebral discs
  • goes from skull to pelvis
  • contains spinal cord
  • is the largest segment of body
  • most important for movement and extremity function
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3
Q

Name the 4 vertebrae areas?

A
  • cervical spine
  • thoracic spine
  • lumbar spine
  • sacrum
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4
Q

Describe the cervical spine

A
  • uppermost part

- 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)

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5
Q

which cervical vertebrae allow for neck movement? describe them

A

C1 (atlas) - sits btw skull and rest

C2 (axis) - has bony protjection that fits into hole of atlas to allow rotation

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6
Q

Describe thoracic spine

A
  • 12 vertebrae (T1-T12) in chest section

- where the ribs attach to the spine

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7
Q

describe the lumbar spine

A
  • also called lower back
  • 5 vertebrae (L1-L5) - some have 6
  • connects thoracic and pelvis
  • bears bulk of body weight
  • largest vertebrae
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8
Q

describe sacrum?

A
  • large bone consisting of several fused vertebrae
  • base of the spine
  • above coccyx
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9
Q

Which spine bears most of the body’s weight?

A

lumbar spine

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10
Q

True or false, the vertebrae body becomes thicker as you go down the column?

A

true

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11
Q

Name and describe the different parts of the spinal cord.

A

spinous process:

  • projects posteriorly at the midline of the back
  • serves as important attachment sites with transverse process

superior articular process:
- extends and faces upwards

inferior articular process:
- faces or projects downward on each side of a vertebrae

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12
Q

Which processes pair and allow for slightly movable joints between vertebrae?

A

superior and inferior articular process

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13
Q

What plays an important role in determining range of motion in each region?

A

Shape and orientation of articular processes

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14
Q

describe intervertebral discs role

A
  • separate and unite bodies of adjacent vertebrae
  • provide shock absorption
  • facilitate movement
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15
Q

What are the two components of intervertebral discs?

A
  • Anulus fibrosus (fibrous outer layer)

- Nucleus pulposus (gel-like centre)

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16
Q

What curve of spine is present at birth and which one develops later in first two years of life?

A
  • thoracic and sacral -> present at birth

- cervical and lumbar -> develops later

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17
Q

What is back pain caused by?

A
  • when spinal nerves become compressed and irritated, back pain and sciatica may result
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18
Q

What are causes of back pain?

A
  • age
  • fitness level
  • weight
  • genetics
  • handling heavy items
  • pre-existing mental health issues
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19
Q

How can age affect and cause back pain?

A
  • lose bon strength from osteoporosis can lead to fracture
  • muscle elasticity and tone decrease
  • intervertebral discs lose fluid and flexibility - decrease their ability to cushion
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20
Q

What is spinal stenosis?

A

when the spinal canal narrows and causes the nerve roots and spinal cord to become compressed causing pinching which leads to pain weakness or numbness

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21
Q

How does fitness level affect back pain?

A
  • weak back and weak abdominal muscles more probable to cause injury, especially if dont maintain daily activity
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22
Q

how does weight affect back pain?

A
  • being overweight puts stress on the back
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23
Q

how does genetics affect back pain? What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

A form of arthritis that involves fusion of the spinal joints (fewer intervertebral discs) leading to some immobility of the spine.

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24
Q

how can mental illness affect back pain?

A
  • anxiety/depression can lead to focusing on pain or pereption of its sevirity as worse
  • chronic pain can also lead to depression
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25
Q

What are the different types of back pains?

A
  • Acute - a few days to a few weeks, resolves on its own, no residual LOF. Most is mechanical in nature, in how components fit together.
  • Sub-acute - last 4 and 12 weeks
  • chronic - pain that persists 12 weeks or longer even after injury was treated.
  • most is acute or sub acute
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26
Q

What is low back pain most often associated with? What are mechanical factors?

A

spondylosis -> general degeneration of the spine associated with normal wear and tear of joints, discs and bones

  • sprains and strains
  • intervertebral disc degeneration
  • herniated or ruptured discs
  • radiculopathy
  • spondylolisthesis
  • spinal stenosis
27
Q

What are sprains and strains?

A

sprains: overstretching and tearing of ligaments

strains: tears in tendon or muscle
* both can occur from liftin something heavy or wrong

28
Q

Describe intervertebral disc degeneration

A

lose their cushiony ability

29
Q

describe herniated or ruptured discs

A

occurs when the intervertebral discs becomes compressed and bulge outward or rupture causing low back pain

30
Q

describe radiculopathy and sciatica

A

1- condition caused by compression, inflammation and.or injury to a spinal nerve root
2- form of radiculopathy caused by compression of the sciatic nerve

compression causes shock-like or burning low back pain

31
Q

describe spondylolisthesis?

A

condition in which vertebra of the lower spine slips out of place, pinching the nerves exiting the spinal cord.
There are many stages

32
Q

what is the narrowing of the spinal column, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, causing numbness and leg weakness called?

A

spinal stenosis

33
Q

What are the different skeletal irregularities?

A

scoliosis
lordosis
kyphosis (notre dame bossu)

34
Q

How does aging affect back pain?

A

aging causes joints to lose ROM

  • cartilage wears away
  • bony spurs form
  • connective tissue lose elasticity
  • muscles lose strength
35
Q

What does inactivity cayse>

A

muscular atrophy and reduced joint flexibility

36
Q

Research has shown that women or men are at greater risk of back pain and why?

A

women

  • insufficient muscular strength
  • reduced bone mass
  • bone mineral density will increase chances of fall
37
Q

How does posture affect back pain?

A

can create misalignment and imbalances

38
Q

what do ergonomic positions look at?

A
  • height and position of desk
  • height and position of chair
  • height and position of screen
  • lighting
  • document position
39
Q

What can affect posture?

A
  • habits
  • ergonomy
  • activities of Daily living (DL)
40
Q

Why is posture so important?

A

important to our health in general and musculoskeletal health in particular

41
Q

What else can posture affect in addition to musculoskeletal health?

A
  • can reduce normal O2 flow
  • can reduce circulation to internal organs
  • can affect mental health
  • research shows effective posture can have positive link with positive outlook and level of energy
42
Q

How do posture and personality relate?

A

looking down -> lacking self-condidence

43
Q

what can result from poor posture in regards to msucles?

A
  • can cause some muscles to stretch and loosen and other to shorten and tightens, can lead to muscular imbalance
44
Q

how can posture get corrected?

A
  • changing behavior
  • make ergonomic modifications (pillow, shoes, car seat etc)
  • fitness components (flexibility, increase core strenght,lower body, muscular, imbalances)
  • weight management
  • regain balance, flexibility and alignment
  • achieve goals through programs
45
Q

Name the non-controllable risk factors of skeletal health?

A
  • genetics
  • hereditary
  • aging
  • body size and shape
  • congenital disease or conditions
  • hormone production/regulation
  • personality type
46
Q

name the controllable risk factors for skeletal and bone health

A
  • nutrition
  • P.A
  • body weight
  • alcohol/tobacco
  • postural habits
  • profession
  • body image -> affects posture and activities we partake in.
  • other factors: medication ie: cortisone can weaken, eating disorders
47
Q

how can age affect movable joints?

A
  • results in decrease in strenght and flexibility and loss of connective tissue and ability of muscles to produce force
48
Q

what hormones play an important role in formation of bone tissue + secondary sex characteristics and how?

A
  • Estrogen -> important in maintenance of bone mineral density, a decrease will decrease ability to absorb calcium and increase deterioration, incraesing risk of developing osteoporosis.
  • Testosterone -> if decreased, causes delay in onset of puberty, can - impact bone mineral density
49
Q

What can an overactive thyroid gland produce?

A

increased in bone mineral loss

50
Q

What can anorexia cause>

A

amenorrhea - the absence of period which can neg. impact bone mineral density

51
Q

how does personality type affect growth and development?

A

influences social behavior which influences growth and development.

52
Q

how does calcium/vit D, tobacco and alcohol affect skeletal and joint health?

A
  • calcium/vit D helps ensure adequate bone growth
  • tobacco weakens bones
  • alcohol in excess
53
Q

What is the types of arthritis that is most common?

A

osteoarthritis

54
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

occurs when protective cartilage that cuschions the ends of bones wears down over time

  • get bone spurring
  • narrowed disks
  • the ‘wear and tear’ disease
55
Q

How can osteoarthritis be managed?

A
  • cant be reversed
  • stay active
  • maintain healthy weight
  • prudent use of anti inflammatory meds
56
Q

What are signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis?

A
  • pain
  • stiffness
  • tenderness
  • loss of flexibility
  • swelling
57
Q

What are risk factors of osteoarthritis?

A

RF: genetics, aging, joint stress

increase risk: obesity, bone deformities, metabolic disease such as diabetes

58
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

bones are in constant state of renewal but it slows down with age and therefore more is lost than is created (osteopenia)

risk: how much bone mass is attained in your youth
- the higher the peak bone, less odds of developing

59
Q

non-controllable risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • gender
  • race
  • again
  • body type
  • family history
60
Q

What can elevate risks of osteopororsis?

A
  • hormonal issues (sex and thyroid hormones)
  • low calcium intake
  • eating disorders
  • medical problems: cancer, IBD, kidney or liver disease
61
Q

What are the most serious complication of osteoporosis?

A

hip fracture and spinal fracture

62
Q

how can one increase bone health?

A
  • maintaining appropriate body weight
  • btw 18-50 1000mg of Ca /day
  • Vit D -> improves ability to absorb calcium
    51-70 should take 600 IU, 800 after 70
  • exercise -> benefits bone growth
63
Q

What exercises benefit bone health and what do not?

A
  • cardiovascular workout such as swimming or cycling do not

- weight-bearing improve bones in the legs, hips, lower spine

EXCI 202 (7 decks)

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