Lesson 6 | Midterm Flashcards
Health Assessment
Physical assessment of the skin, hair, and nails provides data that may reveal local (?) or systemic problems
Health assessment
General survey is the inspection and palpation on what areas?
- Color
- Nails
- Hair
- Skin lesion
- Skin moisture
- Mobility and turgor
Loss of color
Pallor
What range of color does pallor present?
Pale-ashen
Most common cause/s of pallor
Decreased blood supply, anemia
Bluish discoloration
Cyanosis
Most common cause/s of cyanosis
Cardiopulmonary problems
Vasoconstriction
Lack of O2 in the blood
This may also cause the reddish color in the skin
O2
Yellow skin tone
Jaundice
Most common cause/s of jaundice
Liver disease
Problems in gallbladder or pancreas
Waste product that causes yellow pigment of patients with jaundice
Bilirubin
From the breakdown of RBC and should be filtered by the liver
Bilirubin
Increased blood flow associated with infection/ inflammation, itchiness
Redness
Other term for redness
Erythema
Most common causes/s for redness
Infection/ inflammation
Itchiness
Abnormal findings in terms of color
- Pallor
- Cyanosis
- Jaundice
- Redness/ Erythema
What are inspected in the nails?
Cleanliness
Nail color
Markings
Shape
What can be observed from a normal nail?
Thin, pinkish, has vertical markings
Appear as non-uniform white spots
Leukonychia
Most common cause/s of Leukonychia
Trauma
Vitamin deficiency
Transverse, white lines
Mee’s Lines
Most common cause/s for Mee’s Lines
Cancer
Chemotherapy
Arsenic poisoning
Discoloration, pitting, and changes in the structure of the nails
Psoriasis
Most common cause/s for psoriasis in the nails
Autoimmune problems
Psoriasis is the (1), (2), and changes in the (3) of the nails
- discoloration
- pitting
- structure
Functions as a natural defense attacking foreign objects
Autoimmune
Horizontal indentations across the nail
Beau’s lines
Most common cause/s for Beau’s lines
Serious illness
Trauma
Nails appear wider or swollen like an upsidedown spoon
Clubbing
Most common cause/s for clubbing
Heart and lung problems
Inflammation of proximal and lateral nail folds
Paronychia
Most common cause/s for Paronychia
Bacterial infection
Nail separates from its nail bed
Onycholysis
Most common cause/s for onycholysis
Trauma
Appearing washed out with a narrow brown or pink strip near the tip; Lunula can’t be seen
Terry’s nails
Most common cause/s for terry’s nails
Diabetes
Liver disease
Abnormal findings in the nails
- Leukonychia
- Mee’s Lines
- Psoriasis
- Beau’s Lines
- Clubbing
- Paronychia
- Onycholysis
- Terry’s Nails
What can be examined in the hair?
Hair loss or unusual growth
Partial or complete lack/loss of hairs
Alopecia
Most common cause/s for alopecia
Genetics
Aging
Endocrine disorders
Chemotherapy
Skin lesions
Thinning of hair; hair growth is slowed down
Sparse hair
Most common cause/s for sparse hair
- Alopecia
- Sparse hair
What can be examined in terms of skin lesions?
Any skin area that has different characteristics from the surrounding skin, including color, shape, size, and texture
2 main categories of skin lesions
- Primary skin lesion
- Secondary skin lesion
Differentiate primary and secondary skin lesions
Primary Skin Lesions arise from normal skin due to irritation or disease.
Secondary Skin Lesion arise from changes in primary lesions
Small, flat, and non-palpable ( can’t be felt) skin color change
Macule and Patch
Examples of Macule and Patch
Freckles, Flat mole, Vitiligo
Differentiate macule and patch in terms of dimension
Macule: <1cm
Patch: >1cm
Elevated, solid, palpable mass
Nodule and tumor
Examples of Nodule and Tumor
Nodule: Lipoma
Tumor: Carcinoma
Growth of faulty tissue
Lipoma
Differentiate nodule and tumor in terms of dimension and margin
Nodule: 0.5-2cm; intact margin
Tumor: more than 1-2 cm; irregular margin
Circumscribed, elevated, palpable mass containing serous fluid
Vesicle and Bulla
Examples of Vesicle and Bulla
Chicken pox/ shingles
Burn blisters
Differentiate vesicle and bulla in terms of dimension
Vesicle: Less than 0.5 cm
Bulla: More than 0.5 cm
Pus-filled vesicle or bulla
Pustule
A pustule is a pus-filled (1) or (2)
- vesicle
- bulla
Examples of vesicle and bulla
Acne/ pimples
Primary skin lesions
- Macule and Patch
- Nodule and Tumor
- Vesicle and Bulla
- Pustule
Skin loss extending from the epidermis
Ulcer
An open wound on the skin as a result of injury, poor circulation, or pressure
Skin ulcer
Common cause/s of skin ulcer
Injury
Poor circulation
Pressure
Skin mark left after healing of wound or lesion
Scars
Secondary skin lesions
- Ulcer
- Scars
Decreased moisture
Skin dryness
Most common cause/s of skin dryness
Dehydration
Hypothyroidism
Most common cause/s of oiliness
Hormonal imbalance
Stress
Environmental factors
Body responds to stress by releasing (1) which means more (2) is pumped to the surface of the skin
- extra hormones
- sebum (oil)
Heat changes can cause your skin’s — to increase
oil production
How easily can the skin be pinched
Mobility
Most common ause/s for decreased mobility
Edema
Swelling of limbs as a result of fluid build-up
Edema
What causes edema?
Fluid build-up
Skin elasticity; how quickly the skin goes back to its original shape after pinching
Turgor
Most common cause/s of decreased turgor
Dehydration
How can dehydration be figured?
- Less than 2 seconds: Moderate dehydration
- More than 2 seconds: Severe dehydration
If you’re dehydrated, the skin loses its — and it takes a while to return to normal
elasticity
