LESSON 6 Flashcards by Riana Morallos

it is a complex process and can be deduced by a change in behavior

LEARNING

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6 KINDS OF LEARNING

Habituation
Associative Learning
Social/Model Learning
Skill Learning
Verbal Learning
Cognitive Learning

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Simplest kind of learning

HABITUATION

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A phenomenon whereby “we get
used” to something, meaning that
we know and we get use to what it
is

HABITUATION

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Next level of learning

ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING

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Associations between a stimulus
and a response (S-R Theory)

ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING

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TWO KINDS OF LEARNING BY
ASSOCIATION

classical conditioning
operant conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov

transfer of response from one stimulus to another stimulus through repeated pairing

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

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STEPS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

neutral stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
PARAMETERS

acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
discrimination
higher-order conditioning

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B.F. Skinner

discover how behavioral response
affects the environment and vice-
versa

OPERANT CONDITIONING

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KINDS OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
negative punishment

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Delivery of a pleasant or appetitive
stimulus following a behavioral response

Positive Reinforcement

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Increase the frequency of the behavioral response

Positive Reinforcement Effect

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Increases the frequency of the behavioral response

Negative Reinforcement Effect

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Removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus following a behavioral response

Negative Reinforcement

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Delivery of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus following a behavioral response

Positive Punishment

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Decreases the frequency of the behavioral response

Positive Punishment Effect

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Decreases the frequency of the behavioral response

Negative Punishment Effect

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Removal of a pleasant or appetitive
stimulus following a behavioral response

Negative Punishment

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5 SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Continuous
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval

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Reinforcement for every response of the correct type

Continuous

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Reinforcement following completion of a specific number of responses

Fixed Ration

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Reinforcement for an unpredictable number of responses that varies around a mean value

Variable Ratio

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Reinforcement for the first response that follows a given delay since the previous reinforcement

Fixed Interval

Reinforcement for the first response that follows an unpredictable delay (varying around a mean value) since the previous reinforcement

Variable Interval

OPERANT CONDITIONING PARAMETERS

shaping extinction stimulus generalization discrimination learning primary reinforcement secondary reinforcement

Albert Bandura Vicarious Learning

SOCIAL LEARNING

FOUR STEPS OF MODELING LEARNING

attention retention motoric reproduction reinforcement

Proficiency and competency in a certain kind of performance

SKILL LEARNING

THREE STEPS OF SKILL LEARNING

cognition fixation automation

Use of words, either as stimulus or responses speaking, reading, writing, and reciting

VERBAL LEARNING

KINDS OF VERBAL LEARNING

serial-anticipation learning free recall learning paired-associate learning

primacy and recency effect

serial-anticipation learning

it involves perceiving of current happenings, recalling previous experiences, thinking, reasoning, evaluation and abstracting

COGNITIVE LEARNING

METHODS TO MEASURE MEMORY

RECALL RECOGNITION REINTEGRATION RELEARNING

reproducing past learning without a clue

RECALL

ability to identify learned items that are familiar

RECOGNITION

reconstructing of past learning

REINTEGRATION

reviewing previous learning savings

RELEARNING

PROCESSES OF MEMORY

ENCODING STORAGE RETRIEVAL

refers to how you transform a physical, sensory input into a representation that can be placed into memory

ENCODING

refers to how you store (keep) encoded information in memory

STORAGE

refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory

RETRIEVAL

Atkinson and Shiffrin

MULTISTORE MODEL OF MEMORY

THREE MEMORY STORES

Sensory Store Short-term Store Long-term Store

capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods

Sensory Store

capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but of relatively limited capacity as well

Short-term Store

capable of very large capacity and of storing information for very long periods

Long-term Store

concepts that are not themselves directly measurable or observable but that serve as mental models for understanding how a psychological phenomenon works

HYPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCTS

TYPES OF LONG-TERM MEMORY

SEMANTIC MEMORY EPISODIC MEMORY PROCEDURAL MEMORY

general world knowledge

SEMANTIC MEMORY

events or episodes

EPISODIC MEMORY

rudimentary behavior and procedures

PROCEDURAL MEMORY

repeated recitation of an item

REHEARSAL

the effects of such rehearsal are termed _____ ______

practice effects

TWO KINDS OF REHEARSAL

Elaborative Rehearsal Maintenance Rehearsal

somehow elaborates on the items to be remembered

Elaborative Rehearsal

simply repeats the items to be remembered

Maintenance Rehearsal

Refers to memory of an individual’s history

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

Refers to memory of an individual’s history

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

Recent work has illustrated the importance of self-esteem in the recall of autobiographical memory Medial temporal lobe

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

a memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film

FLASHBULB MEMORY

someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement

MNEMONIST

most famous mnemonists

S”, “V.P.”, and “S.F.”

TYPES OF EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY

MNEMONIST EIDETIKERS AMNESIA ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

individuals who possess eidetic imagery power

EIDETIKERS

severe loss of explicit memory

AMNESIA

TWO KINDS OF AMNESIA

Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia

inability to remember events before the traumatic event

Retrograde Amnesia

inability to remember events after the traumatic event

Anterograde Amnesia

identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, disease of older adults that causes progressive memory loss atrophy

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

diagnosed when memory is impaired and there is at least one other area of dysfunction in the domains of language, motor, attention, executive function, personality, or object recognition

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

failure to retain what was previously learned; learned information is lost

FORGETTING

THEORIES OF FORGETTING

INTERFERENCE THEORY DECAY THEORY

refers to forgetting that occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words

INTERFERENCE THEORY

TWO KINDS OF INTERFERENCE

RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

occurs when newly acquired knowledge impedes the recall of older material

RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

occurs when material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of new material

PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

asserts that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance, rather than displacement, of the memory trace

DECAY THEORY

MEMORY DISTORTION “SEVEN SINS OF MEMORY”

Transience Absent-mindedness Blocking Misattribution Suggestibility Bias Persistence

regarded as a sequence of symbolic processes to implicitly manipulate ideas or objects that are physically absent to the senses

THINKING

KINDS OF THINKING

REALISTIC THINKING AUTISTIC THINKING

direct your thinking towards problem solving and decision- making

REALISTIC THINKING

TWO TYPES OF REALISTIC THINKING

Close-system Thinking Adventurous Thinking

devise your own tools toward the solution

Adventurous Thinking

guided by rules and convention toward the solution

Close-system Thinking

THREE PROCESSES OF REALISTIC THINKING

Deductive Thinking Inductive Thinking Evaluative/Critical Thinking

general principles to specific

Deductive Thinking

specific to broader generalizations

Inductive Thinking

judge the soundness or appropriateness of an idea based on norms

Evaluative/Critical Thinking

engage in thinking just for pleasure of it like in the case of daydreaming and wishful thinking

AUTISTIC THINKING

LESSON 6 Flashcards

LEARNING, MEMORY, AND THINKING