LESSON 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Developmental psychologists are
usually concerned with the changes
in behavior over the life span. They
usually concentrate on how an
individual reacts to changes in an
ever-changing environment.
A
THE BEGINNING
OF LIFE
2
Q
THREE MAJOR
PATHS OF
DEVELOPMENT
A
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
3
Q
changes in bodily appearance and
structure with changes in bodily
activities like motor skills
A
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
4
Q
changes in social and emotional
aspects of personality
A
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
5
Q
changes in thought processes that
could affect
language,
abilities, and memory
A
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
6
Q
TWO KINDS OF
CHANGES
A
QUALITATIVE CHANGES
QUANTITATIVE CHANGES
7
Q
progressive series of change
leading to improvement
A
QUALITATIVE CHANGES
8
Q
measurable changes in an
individual
A
QUANTITATIVE CHANGES
9
Q
2 FACTORS OF
DEVELOPMENT
A
NATURE
NURTURE
10
Q
inherited traits
heredity provides all the raw
materials and hidden potentials
of an individual
A
NATURE
11
Q
individual experiences
environment is responsible for
shaping the raw material
A
NURTURE
12
Q
Adopt an extreme hereditary
position
A
NATIVIST
13
Q
Adopts an extreme nurture position
A
EMPIRICISTS
14
Q
Their basic assumption is that the
characteristics of humans are a
product of evolution and that
individual differences are because of
one’s unique genetic code
A
NATIVIST
15
Q
Basic assumption: at birth, the
human mind is a tabula rasa and
that our experiences contribute to
our development
Operational Conditioning by B.F.
Skinner
Social Learning Theory by Albert
Bandura
A
EMPIRICISTS
16
Q
gradual unfolding of hereditary traits and potentials. It is the
process which the individual has to pass through before he
reaches the state of maturity.
A
MATURATION
17
Q
FUNCTIONS OF
MATURATION
A
PHYLOGENETIC FUNCTIONS
ONTOGENETIC FUNCTIONS
18
Q
development occurs through
maturation
A
PHYLOGENETIC FUNCTIONS
19
Q
traits learned through learning
A
ONTOGENETIC FUNCTIONS
20
Q
OUR HUMAN
BODY
Billions of body or somatic cells has
nucleus which
contains __ chromosomes or__ pairs of chromosomes
A
46, 23
21
Q
are thread-like or
role-like bodies that contain the
genes, they are usually found in
pairs. If not, chromosomal
abnormalities may occur
A
Chromosomes
22
Q
autosomes
A
22 pairs
23
Q
gonosomes
A
(1 pair)
24
Q
are the bearer of
hereditary traits
A
Genes
25
Two types of Genes
dominant genes
recessive genes
26
depends on
the pairing of the gonosomes
from the mother and father
Sex determination
27
PRINCIPLES OF
HEREDITY
PRINCIPLE OF REPRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE OF VARIATION
PRINCIPLE OF CHANCE
PRINCIPLE OF DOMINANCE AND
RECESSIVENESS
PRINCIPLES OF
SEX-LINKED
CHARACTERISTICS
28
like begets like, where human
will reproduce their own kind
PRINCIPLE OF REPRODUCTION
29
“no” two individuals of any kind
are exactly “alike”
PRINCIPLE OF VARIATION
30
making absolute prediction
almost impossible
PRINCIPLE OF CHANCE
31
determines
the presence of
similarities
and
differences
among family members
PRINCIPLE OF DOMINANCE AND
RECESSIVENESS
32
sex-linked traits are carried by the
same genes that determines sex
PRINCIPLES OF
SEX-LINKED
CHARACTERISTICS
33
HEREDITARY
CHARACTERISTICS
PHYSICAL TRAITS
MENTAL TRAITS
SPECIAL TALENTS/ABILITIES
34
appearance in general
like facial features, complexion, height, and body built
physical defects
physical diseases
PHYSICAL TRAITS
35
examples are I.Q.
level, and predisposition to mental disorder
MENTAL TRAITS
36
artistic, athletic,
literary, numeral
talents, and etc.
SPECIAL TALENTS/ABILITIES
37
one egg cell/ovum further
divides into two after being
fertilized by one sperm
IDENTICAL or MONOZYGOTIC
TWINS
38
two eggs/ova which are fertilized
by two different sperm cells
NON-IDENTICAL or FRATERNAL or
DIZYGOTIC TWINS
39
BIOLOGICAL
ENGINEERING
IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION BY A
DONOR (AID)
SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD
CLONING/MAPPING
40
an ovum is extracted from the
mother’s ovary and is allowed to
mature in an incubator, to be
fertilized with a few drops of the
father’s sperm
IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION
41
woman is inseminated with the
sperm of a donor
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION BY A
DONOR (AID)
42
when the man is fertile, and the
woman is not
SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD
43
involved the process of creating
identical copy or mirror image of
an original
CLONING/MAPPING
44
Fetus develops within the mother’s
womb
GESTATION
PERIOD
45
duration of gestation period
266 days
46
PRENATAL
STAGE
PERIOD OF OVUM
PERIOD OF EMBRYO
PERIOD OF THE FETUS
47
8th week to birth
PERIOD OF THE FETUS
48
appearance of first bone cell
PERIOD OF THE FETUS
49
fetus is large enough to kick
PERIOD OF THE FETUS
50
Starts from fertilization to 2nd
week
PERIOD OF OVUM
50
fetus demands of performing
basic tasks of struggling through
a difficult passage to be born
PERIOD OF THE FETUS
51
Cell division
PERIOD OF OVUM
52
2nd week to 8th week
PERIOD OF EMBRYO
53
most vulnerable
PERIOD OF EMBRYO
54
developmental defects
PERIOD OF EMBRYO
55
TYPES OF BIRTH
NATURAL or SPONTANEOUS BIRTH
INSTRUMENT BIRTH
56
fetus’ head emerges first through the birth canal followed by one shoulder then the other, next by the arms one at a time and finally the legs
NATURAL or SPONTANEOUS BIRTH
57
aid of surgical instruments if the
fetus is too large or its position does
not allow normal birth process
INSTRUMENT BIRTH
58
INSTRUMENT BIRTH
BREECH BIRTH
TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION BIRTH
CESAREAN-SECTION BIRTH
59
fetal buttocks appear first, followed
by the legs, arms, and eventually the
head
BREECH BIRTH
60
occurs when the fetus lies crosswise
TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION BIRTH
61
fetus is delivered surgically by means of a slit created in the abdominal wall
CESAREAN-SECTION BIRTH
62
birth to 2 weeks old
POST NATAL
STAGES - INFANCY PERIOD
63
15 to 20 minutes after birth
once the umbilical cord has
been cut
PERIOD OF THE PARTUNATE
64
ends with the falling off of
the umbilical cord
PERIOD OF THE NEONATE
65
FOUR MAJOR
ADJUSTMENTS
- ADJUSTMENT TO TEMPERATURE
CHANGES
- ADJUSTMENT TO BREATHING
- ADJUSTMENT TO TAKING NOURISHMENT
- ADJUSTMENT TO ELIMINATION
66
38 degrees centigrade (100F) to 21
degrees centigrade (70F)
ADJUSTMENT TO TEMPERATURE
CHANGES
67
the infant must inhale and exhale
air on their own
ADJUSTMENT TO BREATHING
68
the infant has to suck and swallow
nourishment alone
ADJUSTMENT TO TAKING NOURISHMENT
69
excretory organs of the infant start
to function a few minutes or hours
after birth
ADJUSTMENT TO ELIMINATION
70
POST NATAL STAGES
INFANCY PERIOD
BABYHOOD PERIOD
71
2nd week to 2 years
BABYHOOD PERIOD
72
age of helplessness
BABYHOOD PERIOD
73
reflex reactions
BABYHOOD PERIOD
74
types of reflex reactions
- sucking reflex
- rooting reflex
- babinski reflex
- darwinian reflex
- moro/startle reflex
- pupillary reflex
- swimming reflex
75
CHILDHOOD STAGE
EARLY CHILDHOOD STAGE
LATE CHILDHOOD STAGE
76
2 years to 6 years
EARLY CHILDHOOD STAGE
77
age of curiosity
EARLY CHILDHOOD STAGE
78
6 years to onset of 11 to 12 years
LATE CHILDHOOD STAGE
79
smart age
LATE CHILDHOOD STAGE
80
gang stage
LATE CHILDHOOD STAGE
81
Rapid changes in body
PUBERTY STAGE
82
Age of confusion
PUBERTY STAGE
83
Characterized by awkwardness
PUBERTY STAGE
84
changes in primary sexual
characteristics occur
PRE-PUBESCENCE
85
completion in the primary
sexual and secondary sexual
characteristics
POST-PUBESCENCE
86
Latin verb that means "to grow up," "to mature," or "to grow towards adulthood.
Adolescere
87
Adolescere
ADOLESCENCE STAGE
88
Period of Storm and Stress
ADOLESCENCE STAGE
89
Since most adolescent spend more
time outside the home with their
peer group, it is understandable that
there are increased peer group
influences on the adolescent speech,
attitude, interests, and even in their
appearance more than their family
ADOLESCENCE STAGE
90
ADOLESCENCE STAGE
- YOUNG ADOLESCENT or TEENAGER
- OLDER ADOLESCENT or YOUTH
91
13 years to 17 years
YOUNG ADOLESCENT or
TEENAGER
92
unpredictable, unstable, as well
as unsociable at times
YOUNG ADOLESCENT or
TEENAGER
93
18 years to 24 years
OLDER ADOLESCENT or YOUTH
94
displays uncontrolled impulse for
sexual behavior
OLDER ADOLESCENT or YOUTH
95
ADULTHOOD STAGE
EARLY ADULTHOOD STAGE
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD STAGE
LATE ADULTHOOD STAGE
96
21 years to 40 years
EARLY ADULTHOOD STAGE
97
period of adjustment to new
patterns of life
EARLY ADULTHOOD STAGE
97
sense of independence
EARLY ADULTHOOD STAGE
98
expected to make deeper
commitments and adjustments
to their work, spouse, and
children
EARLY ADULTHOOD STAGE
99
40 years to 60 years
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD STAGE
100
shift from family-centered
relationship to a pair-relationship
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD STAGE
100
people begin to realize that the
first part of adult life is over
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD STAGE
101
menopause in women
climacteric (andropause) in men
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD STAGE
102
60 onwards
LATE ADULTHOOD STAGE
103
stage of Senescence
LATE ADULTHOOD STAGE
104
age of Senility
LATE ADULTHOOD STAGE
105
health problems are most
prevalent during this stage
LATE ADULTHOOD STAGE
106
Influenced by racial background,
difference in nutrition, general health condition, and sex
PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT
107
prenatal stage and 6 months
after birth
puberty growth spurt
RAPID GROWTH
108
first year after birth
after puberty
SLOW GROWTH
109
Ability of the child to have control
over his bodily movements
MOTOR
DEVELOPMENT
110
TWO MOTOR DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS
CEPHALO-CAUDAL SEQUENCE
PROXIMO-DISTAL SEQUENCE
111
head to toe
CEPHALO-CAUDAL SEQUENCE
112
center to extremities
PROXIMO-DISTAL SEQUENCE
113
a Swiss biologist and psychologist
explanation about intellectual development
JEAN PIAGET
114
explains the various levels in the acquisition of knowledge
Theory of cognitive
Development
115
birth to 2 years old
learn through senses and motor
behaviors rather than thinking
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
116
infant learns to reproduce events
originally discovered
chance
Circular reaction
117
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
could not engage in ___
deferred imitation
118
reproduction of an observed
behavior after
deferred imitation
119
realization that something continues exist when out of sight
Object permanence
120
2 years to 7 years
Symbolic thought
Dominated by egocentrism and
magical beliefs
PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE
121
7 years
No longer egocentric
Understand conservation
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
122
They can’t decenter = think about several aspects of a situation at one time
PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE
123
refers to the understanding
that certain properties of
objects remain the same even
when their outward appearance changes
conservation
124
Around 11 years old
Think like a scientist
Self-conscious
Imaginary audience
Personal fable
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
125
they are special, and their
experience is unique
Personal fable
126
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
127
SPEECH DEVELOPMENT
CRYING
COOING OR BABBLING
GESTURES and NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS
128
to convey their feelings
CRYING
129
produced by the chance
movements of the team of
muscles used for
vocal mechanisms
yawning, sneezing, coughing
COOING
130
- explosive sounds or the act of
producing
strings of
consonant-vowel
combinations
- play speech
BABBLING
131
declarative gestures
imperative gestures
GESTURES and NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
132
when babies are happy, they
usually relax their bodies, smile,
and wave their arms and legs
EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS
133
Acquisition of the ability to behave in
accordance with social expectations.
SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
134
Home is considered as a “_____” for social graces and social
skills.
seat of
learning
135
Children who are accepted by their
parents are loved and cared for tend
to be more ____. While, children
who feel rejected tend to be more
_____.
sociable, introvert
136
The process
through which
individuals develop the ability to
distinguish right from wrong and
establish ethical values
MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
137
The theory of ____
states that the moral development
of most people begins with a desire
to avoid personal punishment and
may evolve over time to a desire to
make the world a better
Lawrence Kohlberg
138
Children develop a sense of trust when caregives provide reliability, care, and
affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
Infancy
(birth to 18
months)
139
Infancy
(birth to 18
months)
BASIC CONFLICT
Trust vs.
Mistrust
140
Infancy
(birth to 18
months)
VIRTUE
Hope
141
Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a
sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in
feelings of shame and doubt.
Early
Childhood
(2-3 years)
142
Early
Childhood
(2-3 years)
BASIC CONFLICT
Autonomy vs.
Shame and
Doubt
143
Early
Childhood
(2-3 years)
VIRTUE
Will
144
Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment.
Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too
much power experience disapproval resulting in a sense of guild.
Preschool (3
to 5 years)
144
Preschool (3
to 5 years)
BASIC CONFLICT
Initiative vs.
Guilt
144
Preschool (3
to 5 years)
VIRTUE
Purpose
145
Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to
a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
School Age
(6 to 1 1
years)
146
School Age
(6 to 1 1
years)
BASIC CONFLICT
Industry vs.
Inferiority
147
School Age
(6 to 1 1
years)
VIRTUE
Competency
148
Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal ideas. Success leads to an
ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak
sense of self.
Adolescenc
e (12 to 18
years)
149
Adolescenc
e (12 to 18
years)
BASIC CONFLICT
Identity vs. Role
Confusion
150
Adolescenc
e (12 to 18
years)
VIRTUE
Fidelity
151
Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships to other people.
Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and
isolation.
Young
Adulthood
(19 to 40)
152
Young
Adulthood
(19 to 40)
BASIC CONFLICT
Intimacy vs.
Isolation
153
Young
Adulthood
(19 to 40)
VIRTUE
Love
154
Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them often by having
children. Success leads to feelings to useful and accomplishment, while failure
results in shallow involvement in the world.
Middle
Adulthood
(40 to 65)
155
Middle
Adulthood
(40 to 65)
BASIC CONFLICT
Generativity vs.
Stagnation
156
Middle
Adulthood
(40 to 65)
VIRTUE
Care
157
Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfilment. Success at
this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness,
and despair.
Old Age (65
to death)
158
Old Age (65
to death)
BASIC CONFLICT
Ego Integrity vs.
Despair
159
Old Age (65
to death)
VIRTUE
Wisdom
160
The child/individual is good to avoid punishment because punishment equates, they must
have done something wrong
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment
161
Children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by authorities.
They conform to rules out of self-interest and consideration what others can do for them.
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
162
The child is good in order to be seen as a good person by others.
Approval of others is important.
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal
Relationship
163
The child becomes aware of the rules of the society, so judgement concern obeying the
rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt. Law is law.
Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order
164
idk same kasi description from ppt pero according sa vid material, doing something against the law pero in a positive or good way (???) ex. stealing kasi nagugutom na nag family
Stage 5: Social Contract and
Individual Rights
165
People developed their own set of moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the law. The
principles apply to everyone. They do what they think is right regardless of legal restrictions
or opinion of others. Whatever other people would say.
Stage 6: Universal Principles
