Lesson 5.2: Earthquake and Earthquake Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

made up of different plates that constantly move, and this movement gives rise to earthquakes

A

Earth

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2
Q

the sudden movement of the ground that releases elastic energy in rocks and generates seismic waves

A

earthquakes

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3
Q

the seismic waves move outward from the ________________ and cause vibrations to the ground

A

“source”

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4
Q

fractures on the Earth’s crust where rocks on one side of the break move past the rocks on the other side

A

fault

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5
Q

the spot where the earthquake began

A

focus

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6
Q

the point on the Earth’s surface located directly above the focus on an earthquake

A

epicenter

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7
Q

can be anything that includes a physical phenomenon associated with an earthquake that may produce adverse effects on human activities

A

earthquake hazards

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8
Q

the natural phenomena that might impact an area or a region

A

hazard

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9
Q

are there regardless of whether there is anyone present to experience them or not

A

hazard

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10
Q

anything that could potentially be lost when the hazard occurs

A

risk

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11
Q

measure in terms of units of energy and strength of the shaking

A

hazard

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12
Q

measured in fatalities or amount of damage

A

risk

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13
Q

2 classifications of earthquakes

A

primary and secondary hazards

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14
Q

the direct results of the movement of the ground

A

primary earthquake hazards

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15
Q

the 4 primary earthquake hazards

A
  1. ground shaking
  2. landslides
  3. liquefaction
  4. surface rupture
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16
Q

served as the director of PHILVOCS from 1983 to 2002

A

Dr. Raymundo Santiago Punongbayan

17
Q

2 issues of Dr. Punongbayan

A

June 1990, earthquake
June 1991, Mt. Pinatubo

18
Q

describes the vibration of the ground when an earthquake occurs, usually recorded in terms of intensity

A

ground shaking

19
Q

causes of ground shaking

A

seismic waves, buildings, bridges, and other structures

20
Q

occurs if the ground is saturated with water

21
Q

includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock fall, rock slide, debris slide, and shallow debris flow

22
Q

the magnitude strong enough to trigger rock falls

23
Q

the primary reason for all landslides

A

gravity acting on a steep slope

24
Q

contributing factors to landslides

A
  • rock and soil slopes
  • excess weight from accumulation of rain
  • weak slopes
  • oversteepened slopes
25
occurs when sand or soil and groundwater are mixed during the shaking of a moderate or strong earthquake
liquefaction
26
will force open ground cracks in order to escape to the surface
liquefied soil
27
happens at the area where the fault zone moves
ground rupture
28
an offset of the ground surface when fault rupture extends to the surface
surface rupture
29
a zone with variable width where fractures have developed
deformation zones
30
the results of primary hazards, which can prove to be more catastrophic
secondary earthquake hazards
31
4 secondary earthquake hazards
1. tsunami 2. seiche 3. flooding 4. fire
32
refers to a tidal wave, that has little or nothing to do with the tides on the ocean
tsunami
33
the japanese term for tsunami
"big wave"
34
2 types of tsunamis
- locally generated tsunamis - far field tsunamis
35
caused by earthquakes from nearby trenches
locally generated tsunamis
36
generated by earthquakes from sources that are located farther from the impact
far field tsunamis
37
a standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water
seiche
38
apart from incessant rain, this an also be a result of an earthquake
flooding
39
the result of candles or lanterns that were tipped over because of earthquakes
fire