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Ce 11 > Lesson 5: Sedimentary Rocks > Flashcards

Lesson 5: Sedimentary Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

It needs to exist for sedimentary rocks to form

A

Sediments

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2
Q

For sediments to exist rocks have to be

A

weathered, eroded, transported, deposited

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3
Q

means being exposed to weather

A

Weathering

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4
Q

Weathering will result to

A 
sedimentary clasts (or solid fragments),
ions in solutions (which can form minerals later on), and soil.
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5
Q

sedimentary clasts also known as

A

solid fragments

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6
Q

The process of cracking due to loss of pressure is called

A

EXFOLIATION

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7
Q

Water gets into cracks, and if it turns into ice, it worsens the crack

A

FROST WEDGING

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8
Q

The freezing water expands in the soil and pushes the overlying material upward. This becomes a problem for roads as it may damage them.

A

FROST HEAVING

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9
Q

Salt water infiltrates rocks, as the water dries, the salt crystals grow in the rock and crack it.

A

SALT CRYSTAL FORMATION

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10
Q

Plants can weather rocks when

A

their roots grow through rocks

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11
Q

• Removal of weathered materials
• Helps weathering happen more as weathered materials are moved
and thus exposing the rock again.

A

EROSION

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12
Q

Erosion has several agents these are

A
  • Gravity
  • Wind
  • Water
  • Waves
  • Animals
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13
Q

Greatly dependent on the environmental conditions (normally, greatest at warm and wet climates) and minerals present.

A

Chemical Weathering

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14
Q

2 types of chemical weathering

A

MINERALS INTO OTHER MINERALS (ex. Feldspar becomes
clay minerals through hydrolysis)
• MINERALS GETTING DISSOLVED INTO A SOLUTION (ex.
Calcite can be dissolved by acidic solutions)

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15
Q

is very important in chemical

weathering

A

Carbonic Acid

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16
Q

In the air, only very weak carbonic acid can be made but having more ____ in the soil can make water passing through it considerably more acidic.

A

CO2

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17
Q

It plays important role in chemical weathering. An example is ferromagnesian silicates (Olivine, Pyroxene, etc) can be altered so that its iron becomes dissolved iron and undergo oxidation to create iron oxides

A

Oxidation

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18
Q

sediment/dissolved ions movement from
point A (point where it was eroded) to point B (point where it
will be deposited)

A

Transportation

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19
Q

sediments stops moving

A

Deposition

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20
Q

Newer sediments bury the older sediments at point B

causing covering and compacting of material

A

Burial

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21
Q

As they are buried, the sediments are

squeezed/compacted together.

A

Compaction

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22
Q

at depths of hundreds to thousands of

meters, sediments cement together to form sedimentary rocks

A

CEMENTATION

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23
Q

made up of sediments that were transported as

solid fragments or clasts

A

Clastic

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24
Q

made up of sediments that were transported as

ions in solutions

A

CHEMICAL

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25
Q

Rock/Mineral fragment of various sizes.

A

Clast

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26
Q

smallest sized clay is clay at around what size?

A

> 0.0039 mm

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27
Q

________ of the medium (water or wind, mostly) is the key factor affecting which sediments it can move.

A

Velocity

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28
Q

what affects the velocity of a medium

A

Season, Geometry of path including meanders, slopes,

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29
Q

• _____ sediments may remain on the bed of a river and pushed along the way while ____- ones may be suspended in the water

A

Bigger, smaller

30
Q

It is the term for a collection of processes that end up

turning SEDIMENT DEPOSITS INTO ROCKS.

A

Lithification

31
Q

is where minerals crystallize in the pores and

contact points of the clasts causing them to become a whole unit.

A

Cementation

32
Q

has at least 75% silt or clay composition and form in

very low-energy environment (lakes, deep parts of the ocean)

A

Mudrock

33
Q
  • If it is mostly clay, then the mudrock is called (a)
  • If it has beddings/lamination, then the mudrock is called (b)
  • Otherwise, it is just called (c)
A

(a) CLAYSTONE
(b) SHALE
(c) MUDSTONE

34
Q

often classified as ORGANIC sedimentary rock due to its
composition of decayed material, however, it can be thought of as
under clastic rocks since it is made up of fragments of organic
matter and it is always found along with other clastic rock layers (as
a layer in between other clastic rocks)

A

Coal

35
Q

Made up mostly of sand (other part is silt and clay)

A

Sandstone

36
Q
  • If silt and clay is <15% :

* If silt and clay is >15% :

A

“CLEAN SANDSTONE” or “ARENITE”

“WACKE”

37
Q

the sandstone’s sand-sized particle components are mostly made of

A

Quartz,

Feldspar, and Rock Fragments

38
Q

Sedimentary rocks with significant amount of clasts bigger than 2mm will be known as

A

either conglomerate or breccia

39
Q

the clasts are rounded (formed in high
energy environments like swift rivers, hence the more rounded
shape)

A

Conglomerate

40
Q

the clasts are angular (formed in environments

where clasts not transported significantly, hence little effect on shape)

A

BRECCIA

41
Q

Typically made up mostly of components transported as ions in a solution

A

CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

42
Q

It comes from the organisms like corals, urchins,

A

Carbonate sediments

43
Q

rock that forms from

carbonate sediments

A

Limestone

44
Q

Some organisms like radiolarians and diatoms use silica to make
their shell. When they die, the shells settle down and become

A

chert

45
Q

this rock dissolved iron in seawater
becomes oxidized and insoluble and sinks until it becomes a
rock.

A

BANDED IRON FORMATION

46
Q

In dry areas, when waters in lakes and rivers evaporate, they
become concentrated with dissolved salts which then crystallize.
Some examples are carbonates, gypsum, halite, borax, etc

A

Evaporites

47
Q

Sediments (ex. glacial till, gravel, sand, silt, clay) are
moved by gravity and moving water and ice and is usually deposited in land areas or other water bodies like streams or rivers.

A

GLACIAL

48
Q

Sediments (mainly angular fragments) are pulled

downwards by gravity and ends up in steep sided valleys.

A

ALLUVIAL

49
Q

Sediments (gravel, sand, silt, sometimes organic matter)

are carried by water to streams and may be deposited there.

A

FLUVIAL

50
Q

Sediments (sand mainly on edges, silt, clay, organic

matter) are moved by water flowing into a lake.

A

LACUSTRINE

51
Q

Much like lacustrine but lakes are situated in arid

areas and sediments are mostly salts and clays

A

EVAPORITIC

52
Q

Sediments are sand and silt carried by wind into deserts and coastal areas.

A

AEOLIAN

53
Q

Sediments (Silt and clay) are moved by currents/tides to tidal flats.

A

TIDAL

54
Q

Sediments (sand, silt, clay, organic materials) are moved by water into deltas.

A

DELTAIC

55
Q

Sediments (gravel and sand) are carried by waves and

longshore currents into the beaches and sand bar

A

BEACH

56
Q

Sediments (typically carbonates) are almost not

moved and settles to the lagoon bottom.

A

LAGOONAL

57
Q

Carbonates are carried by waves and tidal currents to be deposited in reefs and basins around it.

A

REEF

58
Q

Sediments (carbonates, sand, silt, clay)

are carried by waves and tidal currents to shelves and slopes shown in the figure (and sometimes lagoons)

A

SHALLOW WATER MARINE

59
Q

Sediments (clays, carbonate mud, silica

mud) are washed by ocean currents into deep ocean abyssal plains shown in the figure.

A

DEEP WATER MARINE

60
Q

Sediments (gravel, mud, sand) are carried by

underwater gravity flows into the slopes (before abyssal plains) and abyssal plains in the figure.

A

SUBMARINE FAN

61
Q

sediments are deposited and accumulate horizontally. Any layers that are tilted must have been subject to tectonic forces.

A

PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY

62
Q

layers are deposited in sequence and older is always at the bottom (unless turned over by tectonic process)

A

PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

63
Q

any rock/fragment in a layer is older than the layer itself much like the rocks in a conglomerate is older than the conglomerate itself.

A

PRINCIPLE OF INCLUSIONS

64
Q

fossils may be used to determine the age of the rock it is in.

A

PRINCIPLE OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION

65
Q 
layering of sediments
that can be seen in changes in
texture, color, composition, etc. It
indicates changes related to the
deposition of materials that may be
due to seasonal, climates, or tectonic
changes among others.
A

Bedding

66
Q

are narrow gaps in
between layers shown in a bedding.
These may indicate periods with no
deposition.

A

Partings

67
Q

Bedding that has angled layers within
horizontal beds. This forms due the sediments being deposited by
water or wind.

A

Cross bedding

68
Q

linked to cross bedding are ripples on the surface of the

sediment bed.

A

RIPPLES

69
Q 
Sediments in a flowing water
body may become
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- – that is they tile
towards one direction, with their
tops tilting towards the direction
of a flow
A

IMBRICATED

70
Q

A bed where gradation/gradual change of
grain size from large to small is seen as from bottom to top (known
as normal graded beds). Some have large grains at the top and
finer grains at the bottom known as reverse/inverse graded bed

A

Graded Bedding

71
Q

when a shallow body of water dries up, the mud at
its bottom dries up and cracks due to the clay in the mud shrinking
as it dries.

A

MUDCRACKS

Ce 11 (11 decks)

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