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Ce 11 > Lecture 11: Geologic Hazards > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Geologic Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Exposed ground surface at an angle with the horizontal (natural or man-made)

A

UNRESTRAINED/UNPROTECTED SLOPES

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2
Q

Slope subject to different elements and forces

and may eventually fail

A

Unprotected slope

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3
Q

Often times, it is simply referred to as landslide

A

Slope Failure

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4
Q

Classifications of Slope Failure

A
  • Fall
  • Topple
  • Slide
  • Spread
  • Flow
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5
Q

Sudden movement of material down a slope of cliff.

A

Fall

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6
Q

Main force affecting fall

A

Gravity

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7
Q

Tipping over or forward rotation of a mass about one of its points.

A

Topple

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8
Q

What initiates topple

A

Gravity, water/ice in cracks

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9
Q

Movement of mass along a rupture zone or zones of great shearing

A

Slides

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10
Q

Slide with a curved rupture zone

A

Rotational

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11
Q

Slide with a a planar rupture zone

A

Translational

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12
Q

The soil or rock extends and gets thinner and subsides into the softer material below.

A

SPREADS

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13
Q

a special kind of spread that happens on very gentle or almost flat terrain. The upper layer extends and “spreads” over the softer layer underneath.

A

Lateral Spread

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14
Q

Continuous movement of material such that the surfaces of failure are very close to each other and are not saved.

A

Flow

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15
Q

flows with loose soil and rock that creates a slurry flowing down, and as such, they are
wrongly referred to as “mudslides”

A

Debris Flow

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16
Q

How does a slide become a debris flow?

A

A slide may end up evolving to a debris flow if it
becomes faster and gets more water along the way (or the mass just “breaks apart”
making it become a slurry)

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17
Q

debris flow but with volcanic

materials (tephra) as the main materials rather than usual soil and rock.

A

Volcanic debris flow

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18
Q

Extreme debris flow (very fast)

A

Debris Avalanche

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19
Q

Flow but made up predominantly of finer soils

A

Earthflow

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20
Q

slower earthflow (<1 meter of movement per decade)

A

Creep

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21
Q

Classification of landslides based on material

A

Rock, debris, earth

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22
Q

translational landslide but with materials

being a single or a few units that move together

A

Blockslide

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23
Q

greatly affected by its geometry and the

material of the slope.

A

Slope stability

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24
Q

Benefit of using a software to analyze slope stability

A

to make analysis of hundreds-thousands of possible failure surfaces possible and fast.

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25
Q

Ways to improve stability of Slope

A

• Making a milder slope.
• Creating benches or parts in your slope that is horizontal (so
that it is not a continuous sloping material).
• Adding structural members to improve strength of the slope like
soil nails or rock anchors.
• Using geosynthetics.

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26
Q

the release of energy from the ground

A

Earthquake

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27
Q

What wave brings energy to different areas

A

Seismic Waves

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28
Q

The boundary between 2 rocks where motion is present.

A

Faults

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29
Q

This is where earthquakes are typically associated

A

Faults

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30
Q

How are faults created

A

Through earthquakes

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31
Q

How are faults evidenced

A

by offsets and other features ranging from sizes in order of mm to km.

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32
Q

Fault types

A

reverse, normal, strike-slip

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33
Q

special reverse faults with very low angle of

fault plane.

A

Thrust fault

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34
Q

difference between NORMAL and REVERSE fault

A

The difference between NORMAL and REVERSE fault is whether the HANGING WALL (side that is above the fault plane)goes up or
down relative to the FOOT WALL (side the is below the fault plane).

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35
Q

when the sides slide past each other. It is

called “STRIKE”-slip since the movement is along the STRIKE or length of fault.

A

Strike-slip fault

36
Q

How to classify strike-slip fault

A

stand on one side of the fault, look at the other side, and see which way it moves – if it moves to the left, it is a left lateral strike slip fault, and vice ver

37
Q

Hypocenter

A

the point where the earthquake starts

38
Q

Epicenter

A

the point on the surface directly above the hypocenter

39
Q

Classifications of Earthquakes from a fault

A

foreshocks, mainshock, and aftershocks

40
Q

foreshocks vs mainshock vs aftershocks

A

The main shock is the largest

earthquake. Foreshocks happen before the main shock and the aftershocks are the ones after the mainshock.

41
Q

Classification of Earthquake Factors

A

Source, path, site

42
Q

related to the fault itself as the source of

earthquake (fault size, dip angle, etc.)

A

Source

43
Q

factors due to the path the seismic waves travel through. It includes how the seismic waves get weaker as they propagate, etc.

A

Path

44
Q

factors related to the site concerned. This includes,
among others, the effect of the soft soil underneath a site. Soil/rocks in the site may amplify/deamplify the seismic waves.

A

Site

45
Q

2 types of seismic waves

A

1 Body waves

2 Surface waves

46
Q

Seismic waves that go through Earth’s interior

A

Body wave

47
Q

Seismic wave that travels along the surface of the Earth

A

Surface wave

48
Q

Which has higher frequency surface wave or body wave?

A

Body wave

49
Q

P wave

A

• transferred via motions alternating between compressions and
extensions (push and pull).
• First to arrive at a site.
• can travel through solids and liquids.

50
Q

S wave

A
  • Moves side to side or up and down.
  • slower than P-wave and thus second wave to get to a site.
  • Can travel through solids only.
51
Q

Moves the ground from side to side

A

Love wave

52
Q

Action is similar to an ocean wave as it rolls across the body of water.

A

Rayleigh wave

53
Q

come after the body waves but are responsible for

majority of the destruction.

A

Surface wave

54
Q

How to determine the distance of the earthquake

from a recording station.

A

From the time difference between arrival of P and S

wave

55
Q

2 ways to characterize Earthquakes

A

magnitude, intensity

56
Q

Earthquake characterization based on the amount of energy released so there is only 1 value of magnitude for a certain earthquake event.

A

Magnitude

57
Q

Earthquake characterization based on the effect or shaking felt in a site, hence, an earthquake will have different intensities recorded for different sites.

A

Intensity

58
Q

Magnitude scales

A
  • Local magnitude (Richter Magnitude)
  • Surface wave magnitude
  • Coda magnitude
  • Moment magnitude
59
Q

Measures the size of earthquake in terms of the energy released using the seismic moment

A

Moment Magnitude Scale

60
Q

Happens when a certain magnitude scale
fails to reflect the appropriate magnitude value at high
magnitude levels.

A

Magnitude Saturation

61
Q

Used to eliminate the effect called magnitude saturation

A

Moment Magnitude

62
Q

Most famous intensity scale

A

Modified Mercalli Scale

63
Q

Philippine intensity scale

A

PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale

64
Q

Basis of intensity

A

mostly what is felt by people/witnesses as

well as damages seen in the site.

65
Q

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

A

• Strong motion and Surface rupture
• Structural collapse (buildings, infrastructure, etc.)
• Liquefaction
• Earthquake-induced landslides
• Embankment and Retaining Structure failure
• Tsunamis and Seiche (Seiche is like a tsunami but for enclosed
waters like lakes)

66
Q

Strong motion from an earthquake can be

A

the start of various

hazards like collapses and landslides.

67
Q

when water-saturated granular soil is subjected to

earthquake motion and it starts to ACT LIKE A LIQUID and LOSE ITS CAPACITY TO SUPPORT STRUCTURES.

A

Liquefication

68
Q

Related effects of Liquefication

A

flow failure, lateral spreads, bearing capacity failure (failure of soil under foundation), and settlements.

69
Q

2 Kinds of Volcanic Hazard

A
  • Directly related to eruption

* Indirectly related to eruption

70
Q

Examples of volcanic hazard directly related to eruption

A

Lava, Pyroclasts, Pyroclastic Density Currents

71
Q

Examples of volcanic hazard indirectly related to eruption

A

Lahar, Landslides, Tsunami/Seiche

72
Q

Magma on the Earth’s surface.

A

Lava

73
Q

Smooth looking and “ropey” lava.

A

Pahoehoe

74
Q

It is the result of forcing lava to flow faster than it could

A

AA

75
Q

Pertains to rock fragments broken down by fire

A

Pyroclastic Materials

76
Q

any volcanic fragment

ejected into the air by an eruption

A

Pyroclasts/Tephra

77
Q

Tephra Classifications based on size

A
  • Blocks and Bombs – >64mm
  • Lapili – 2-64mm
  • Ash – <2 mm
78
Q

Can cause irritation of the body (skin, lungs, eyes, etc.)

and lead to damages in your eyes and lungs.

A

Ashfall

79
Q

Hot gas, ash, and pyroclastics mixed together rushing down the slopes.

A

Pyroclastic Density Current

80
Q

deadliest direct volcanic hazard

A

Pyroclastic Density Current

81
Q

Range of PDCs

A

from pyroclastic flow (denser and closer to the

ground as it flows) to pyroclastic surge (faster since it is less dense and has higher gas to rock ratio)

82
Q

Slurry of water and other volcanic materials that are flowing down the slopes (sometimes called volcanic mudflow)

A

Lahar

83
Q

occur due to earthquakes associated with volcanic

eruptions, the explosive eruption itself, or when magma intrudes a certain area.

A

Landslide

84
Q

released by eruptions in large quantities

A

Volcanic Gases

85
Q

Tsunami is formed when water is displaced by

A
  • Material (PDCs or soil from landslides) getting dumped into the body of water from the volcanoes
  • Underwater volcanic eruptions (for seas)
  • Magma rising up and deforming the floor of a caldera lake

Ce 11 (11 decks)

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