Lesson 5 - Developmental Aspects of Counselling Flashcards
List and Describe Harren’s original proposed decision making styles
Rational/Planning style
-One gathers a wide array of data, assesses the situation, and takes personal responsibility for the decision
Intuitive style
-Emphasis on emotions, feelings, and fantasy
Dependent style
-Heavy use of thoughts, opinions, and recommendations of others
Most common style of decision making in adolescents?
Most often combine “good enough” with intuitive styles.
Gender differences of decision making in adolescents?
Males lean towards the rational modal
Females lean towards the intuitive model
Describe Arnold Gesell’s Maturational Theory
Individual uniqueness is a result of the genetic makeup of the individual, a concept which leads to the logical expectation that person develops differently
Genetic directed development determines when children are ready to learn, when they benefit from their surroundings.
Current Utilization
o Many counsellors believe in the developmental uniqueness of the individual.
o Attempt to assist in environmental changes to facilitate individual change and realize that change is self-regulated within appropriate time frames.
Describe Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
4 stages
Focuses on how individuals think and how the thinking process is unique at different developmental stages
4 stages
o Sensorimotor
0-2 years old
o Preoperational
2-7 years old
o Concrete Operations
7-11 years old
o Formal Operations
11-adulthood
Summarize Simon’s (1976) theory of decision making
Decisions arrived at, via mode of satisfaction
It meets the minimal criteria to get the job done.
“Good enough”
A minimal number of factors must be achieved to get the job done. -Variables include: • Requirements • # of conditions to meet • Alternatives • Ordering & re-testing • The type of model
-Realizing that not all issues can be addressed/reviewed, one is willing to take the “good enough” decision
-Few alternatives reviewed before decision is made
-There is a cut-off point where the decision is reached.
“All things considered”
Describe Tiedeman’s (1961) theory of adolescent decision-making.
Include all 7 Stages.
Career and general adolescent decision-making
Stations
-Activities to be experienced
- Exploration
o This is a vague search. A general gathering of data during which one builds a background - Crystallization
o Progress is made towards a decision. Task not yet complete. Pros and cons of various options are weighed
o Ideas get refined - Choice
o A specific commitment is made to a choice
o Commitment brings relief, hope, and security - Clarification
o The person at this station attempts to clarify and understand the various consequences of his/her/ commitment
o Making preparations to follow through on decision - Induction
o The person puts the decision into effect and resultant new environment is experienced - Reformation
o One is busy talking about, engaging in, and believing in the decision.
o A strong sense of self-hood and need to justify the decision may lower the willingness to be objective - Integration
o At this final station, the person meets older persons in the social world and they react toward the choice recently made
o This confrontation can cause reflection, weigh, and sometimes modify some intentions from the decision
o Greater objectivity can be achieved during this process and eventually synthesis is reached
The stations provide a good approach to understanding decision-making.
Define: Tiedeman’s Crystallization Stage
Progress is made towards a decision. Task not yet complete. Pros and cons of various options are weighed
o Ideas get refined
Define: Concrete Operational Period
Children learn by active engagement
o Through play, begin to become aware of other perspectives
Children learn best through manipulation, hands-on activities
o Make abstract concrete!
o Drawing, clay, making lists, etc.
7-11 years old
Define: Preoperational Period
Child’s thinking is unique from adults
Egocentrism
Children need more peer interaction as they develop
-Interacting with others who think like them helps reduce egocentrism
Capacity for understanding origin of dreams is considered under the developmental control of the child
Rules perceived as inflexible
Children direct their own growth
Characterize: Formal Operation Period
Hypothetical and abstract reasoning
-•Able to systematically look at problem and understand a variety of possibilities.
11-adulthood
Define: Zygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development
Discuss how it is currently useful to psychology
Distance between the two points or levels of development
o Useful for conceptualized movement from a selected point A to a point B
o Reinforces idea that counsellors may assist an individual in learning a new skill
Which theory suggests a child can advance in cognitive development through direct instruction?
Vygotsky’s Social Theory of Cognitive Development
Define:
- Metacognition
- Metamemory
When individuals become aware of their own thinking process and memory processes
Differentiate between all 6 of Kohlberg’s levels of Moral Development
Level 1
o Avoid Punishment
Level 2
o Determining what’s in a situation for himself or herself
Level 3
o Being a “good boy” or “good girl”
Level 4
o Concerned with law and order
Level 5
o Moral decisions that emphasize what is best for most people.
o Concepts of universal principles
Level 6
o Decisions are a matter of conscience.
o Hard to distinguish from level 5, so eventually deleted
