Lesson 5 Definitions

Question 1

glycoloysis

Answer 1

the metabolic pathway that converts glucose to two pyruvate molecules

Question 2

glucose

Answer 2

C6H12O6

Question 3

pyruvate

Answer 3

the output of glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy

Question 4

aerobic respiration

Answer 4

consists of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain

Question 5

electron transport chain

Answer 5

uses products of kreb cycle to generate a proton gradient, which drives ATP synthesis

Question 6

anaerobic respiration

Answer 6

unlike fermentation, the final electron acceptor is not a product of the metabolic pathway that produced electrons carried by NADH

Question 7

fermentation

Answer 7

NADH donates its electrons to a molecule produced by the same metabolic pathway that produced electrons carried by NADH

Question 8

anaerobic respiration

Answer 8

creating energy without oxygen. unlike fermentation, the final electron acceptor is not a product of the metabolic pathway that produced electrons carried by NADH

Question 9

dark phase photosynthesis

Answer 9

Calvin cycle: glucose production. ATP is transformed into a carb (simple sugar). the necessary atoms come from water and carbon dioxide

Question 10

lactate

Answer 10

one of the substances produced by cells as the body turns food into energy (cell metabolism), with the highest level of production occurring in the muscles. Depending on pH, it is sometimes present in the form of lactic acid.

Question 11

ethanol

Answer 11

fuel made from biomass

Question 12

inner membrane space

Answer 12

part of chloroplast that contains thylakoids

Question 13

stroma

Answer 13

fluid inside inner membrane

Question 14

photosystem I and II

Answer 14

catalyze the initial step of photosynthesis, the light induced charge separation across the photosynthetic membrane. PS 1 absorbs the longer wavelength of light which is 700 nm while photosystem II or PS 2 absorbs the shorter wavelength of light 680 nm.

Question 15

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 15

contains the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the mitochondrial genome and the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle), which metabolizes nutrients into by-products the mitochondrion can use for energy production.

Question 16

lumen

Answer 16

continuous aqueous phase enclosed by the thylakoid membrane. It plays an important role for photophosphorylation during photosynthesis. During the light-dependent reaction, protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen making it acidic down to pH 4.