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VZOO LEC EXAM > Lesson 5. Classification And Phylogeny of Animals > Flashcards

Lesson 5. Classification And Phylogeny of Animals Flashcards

1
Q

The practice of categorizing organisms according to similar features goes back to

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

What is the goal of Taxonomy?

A

Produce a formal system for naming and classifying species to illustrate their evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

Taxonomists ask whether the species being classified contains the defining feature of a certain taxonomic group

A

Classification

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4
Q

Ask whether the characteristics of a species support the hypothesis that it descends from the most recent common ancestor

A

Systematization

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5
Q

Designed the hierarchical classification system in the 18th century

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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6
Q

Enumerate the 7 hierarchical classification system

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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7
Q

Major groups of organisms

A

Taxa

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8
Q

Singular for taxa

A

Taxon

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9
Q

Each rank can be subdivided into additional level of ______

A

Taxa

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10
Q

System developed by Linnaeus for naming species

A

Binomial nomenclature

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11
Q

What are the two parts of scientific name

A

Genus and species

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12
Q

______ are latinized and italicized, only the _______ is capitalized

A

Names, genus

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13
Q

The goal of __________ is to determine the __________

A

Systematics, phylogeny

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14
Q

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

A

Phylogeny

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15
Q

Inferred by identifying organismal features, characters, that vary among species

A

Phylogenies

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16
Q

5 characters of phylogeny

A

Morphological
Chromosomal
Molecular
Behavioral/ecological
Homology

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17
Q

Shared characters that result from common ancestry

A

Homologous

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18
Q

Shared characters that are not a result of common ancestry, but of independent evolution of similar characters (they are not homologous)

A

Homoplasies

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19
Q

Can result from convergent evolution

A

Homoplasies

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20
Q

Occurs when natural selection, working under similar environmental pressures, produces similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

A

Convergent evolution

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21
Q

When trying to determine evolutionary relationships (phylogeny), we only want to consider _________

A

Homologous characters

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22
Q

This can create errors

A

Homoplasies

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23
Q

Focusing on homologous structures, determine when that character arose

A

Shared primitive and shared derived characteristics

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24
Q

Older characteristics

A

Primitive

25
Q

Newer characteristics

A

Derived

26
Q

Homologous structure that is older than the branching of a particular clade from other members of that clade

A

Shared primitive character

27
Q

It is shared by more than just the taxon

A

Shared primitive character

28
Q

Example of this character is mammals that have backbone and vertebrates

A

Shared primitive character

29
Q

New evolutionary feature, unique to a particular group

A

Shared derived character

30
Q

Example of this character is mammals with/without hair

A

Shared derived character

31
Q

Most useful for determining evolutionary relationships

A

Shared derived character

32
Q

Form of the character that was present in the common ancestor of group

A

Ancestral character state

33
Q

Variation of the character that arose later

A

Derived character states

34
Q

Determined by using outgroup comparison
Version of the trait is ancestral

A

Polarity

35
Q

Closely related, but not part of the group being examine

A

Outgroup

36
Q

One that is found in both the study group and the outgroup

A

Ancestral character

37
Q

Found in the study group but not the outgroup

A

Derived character groups

38
Q

Groups that share derived characters and form a subset within a larger group

A

Clades

39
Q

Unit of common evolutionary descent

A

Clade

40
Q

A derived character that is shared by all the members of the clade

A

Synapomorphy

41
Q

Using ______________ to define clade will result in a __________________

A

Synapomorphies, nested hierarchy of clades

42
Q

Ancestral character states for a taxon are called

A

Plesiomorphic

43
Q

Shared ancestral characters that do not provide useful information for forming a nested series of clades

A

Symplesiomorphies

44
Q

The nested hierarchy of clades can be shown as a ___________ that is based on _______________

A

Cladogram
Synapomorphies

45
Q

Valid scale, consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

A

Monophyletic

46
Q

Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of the descendants

A

Paraphyletic clade

47
Q

Includes many species that lack a common ancestor

A

Polyphyletic clade

48
Q

Cladistics are also called

A

Phylogenetic systematics

49
Q

A taxonomic theory that is based on cladograms and all taxa must be monophyletic

A

Cladistics

50
Q

Based on common descent and the amount of evolutionary change to rank higher taxa

A

Traditional evolutionary taxonomy

51
Q

Sometimes this type of classification includes paraphyletic groupings

A

Evolutionary taxonomy

52
Q

Does the paraphyletic arrangement of ape families work on cladistics (true or false)

A

False because cladistics must be monophyletic

53
Q

What do you call the humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are now all included together in one monophyletic family

A

Hominidae

54
Q

A pair of taxa that are most closely related to each other

A

Sister group

55
Q

Sometimes accepts paraphyletic clades

A

Traditional evolutionary taxonomy

56
Q

Does not accept paraphyletic clades

A

Cladistics

57
Q

Cladistics vs Evolutionary taxonomy:
Both _______ monophyletic clades
Both ________ polyphyletic clades

A

Accept
Reject

58
Q

Arrange the living organism where they belong

A

Taxonomy

VZOO LEC EXAM (5 decks)

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