LESSON 5 (B) Flashcards
–most inferior portion of the diencephalon
-contains nuclei that are important in maintaining homeostasis
- one of the major regulators of homeostasis
HYPOTHALAMUS
FUNCTION OF HYPOTHALAMUS:
- control of ANS
- production of hormones
- regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns
- regulation of eating and drinking
- control of body temperature
- regulation of circadian rhythm and state of consciousness
- *When certain cells in the hypothalamus are stimulated by
rising osmotic pressure f the extracellular fluid, this results to
thirst sensation
- it contains thirst center
hypothalamus
- largest portion of the brain
- it is the “seat of intelligence”
CEREBRUM
- it allows us the capability to read, write, speak, make calculations and compose music, remember the past and plan for the future and to visualize things that have never occurred
cerebrum
- rind or bark
cortex
- is a region of gray matter that
forms the outer rim of the cerebrum. - although only 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 in.)
cerebral cortex
- is made of fiber tracts carrying impulses to, from and
within the cortex
cerebral white matters
- gray matter nuclei deep within the cerebral white matter
basal nuclei
- deep grooves of the brain
fissures
- convolutions/folds
gyri/gyrus
- hallow grooves
sulci/sulcus
Three Types of Tracts in the White Mater of the Cerebrum
- projection tracts
- association tracts
- commissural tracts
- pathways formed by projection fibers
- An example is the internal capsule, a thick band of white matter that contains both ascending and descending axons
projection tracts
-pathways formed by association fibers
-connects various areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
association tracts
-pathways formed by commissural fibers
-connects the right & the left hemisphere
- contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral
hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere.
commissural tracts
3 important groups of commissural tracts
- corpus callosum
- anterior commissure
- posterior commissure
- the largest fiber bundle in the brain, containing about 300 million fibers
corpus callosum
lobes of the cerebrum
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
- largest lobe
- primary motor area
frontal lobe
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS:
* Conceptualization
* Abstraction
* Judgment formation
* Short-term or recall memory
* Fine Repetitive motor movements – (e.g. ability to write) –the premotor
area in the frontal lobe contains motor programs for fine repetitive
movement.
frontal lobe
- rearmost portion of each frontal lobe
- which helps control voluntary movement
motor area/primary motor area
- located in the lateral inferior portion
- controls verbal/expressive speech; allows thoughts to be
transformed into words
BROCA’s area
- sensory lobe
- responsible for the storage, analysis & interpretation of sensory stimuli
-integrative & coordinating center for perception & interpretation of sensory
info (touch, pressure, temp, pain, size & shapes of objects)
parietal lobe
- memory storage (long term memory)
- integration of AUDITORY, GUSTATORY & OLFACTORY stimuli
temporal lobe
- responsible for comprehension / reception &
understanding of language
*WERNICKE’s AREA
damage to Wernicke’s area
receptive aphasia
- visual area;
- visual speech center
- It relates present and past visual experiences and is essential for recognizing and evaluating what is seen.
occipital lobe
-divides cerebrum into L & R hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
-divides each hemisphere into FRONTAL & PARIETAL lobe
fissure of rolando (central sulcus)
-runs parallel to central sulcus, anterior to it
Precentral gyrus
-runs posterior to the central sulcus
Postcentral gyrus
-separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe
parieto-occipital sulcus
-separates the temporal lobe from frontal & parietal lobes
fissure of sylvius (lateral fissure)
-separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
transverse fissure
SENSORY AREAS:
- general sensory area
- primary visual area
- primary auditory area
- primary olfactory area
- primary gustatory area
-located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus
Functions:
1. Where sensory inputs such as pain, pressure, temp are relayed
2. Localizes exactly the points of the body where the sensations originate
general sensory area/primary somesthetic/somatosensory area
- a partisan somatic sensory map of the body
sensory homunculus
-located at the posterior tip of the occipital lobe
Functions:
- Receives sensory impulses from the eyes & interprets shape, color & movement
primary visual area
-located in the temporal lobe
Function:
- Interprets basic characteristics of sounds such as pitch & rhythm; receives
information for sound and is involved in auditory perception.
primary olfactory area
- medial aspect of the temporal lobe
Function: - Interprets sensation related to smell; and is involved in olfactory perception.
primary olfactory area
-parietal lobe
Function:
- Interprets sensation related to taste; receives impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perception and taste discrimination.
primary gustatory area
- made up of association tracts that connect motor & sensory areas
-Motor output from the cerebral cortex flows mainly from the anterior
part of each hemisphere
association areas
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX:
- SENSORY AREAS
- ASSOCIATION AREAS
- MOTOR AREAS
- SPEECH AREAS
Functions:
Involved in the process of recognition where present information is compared
with past experiences
Concerned with memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality traits
& intelligence
ASSOCIATION AREAS
-control muscular movement
MOTOR AREAS
motor areas:
- primary motor area
- premotor area
- prefrontal area
- frontal eye field area
-located in the frontal lobe
Function: controls specific muscles or group of muscle
primary motor area
-located anterior to the primary motor area
Function: controls skilled movements
premotor area
- located anterior to frontal eye field area
Functions:
1. Where motivation & foresight to initiate movements occur
2. Involved in the motivation & regulation of emotional behavior & mood, FUNCTIONAL CENTER FOR AGGRESSION.
prefrontal area
-located in the frontal cortex
Function: controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes
frontal eye field area
speech areas
- Wernicke’s area (sensory speech area)
- Broca’s area (motor speech area)
-located in the parietal lobe
Functions:
1. Determines if a sound is speech, music or noise
2. Interprets the meaning of speech by translating words into thoughts
Wernicke’s area
-located in the frontal lobe
Function:
Involved in the translation of thoughts into speech
Broca’s area
