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Kimmy: Nervous System > LESSON 5 (A) > Flashcards

LESSON 5 (A) Flashcards

1
Q

CNS consists of:

A

brain
spinal cord

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2
Q
  • consists of either nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia
A

gray matter

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3
Q
  • aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord
A

white matter

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4
Q
  • cranial bones (brain), vertebral column (spinal cord)
A

bony covering

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5
Q
  • spinal meninges; cranial meninges
  • fibrous connective tissues that cover the brain & spinal cord
  • provide support, protection, nourishment to the brain & spinal cord
A

meninges

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6
Q

3 meninges:

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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7
Q
  • hard mother
  • outermost layer
  • very tough membrane
A

dura mater

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8
Q
  • the delicate membrane lying beneath the dura
  • spongy, web like structure, thus covering the brain more loosely;
  • has no blood supply
A

arachnoid mater

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9
Q
  • nnermost layer;
  • VASCULAR membrane having many small plexuses of blood vessels
  • layer that keeps the brain & it extends into every
    fold of the brain surface
A

pia mater

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10
Q

the 3 spaces:

A
  • epidural
  • subdural
  • subarachnoid
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11
Q
  • space located above the dura mater (seen in the
    spinal cord)
A

epidural space

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12
Q
  • space beneath the dura mater
A

subdural space

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13
Q
  • space beneath the arachnoid layer
A

subarachnoid space

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14
Q
  • clear & colorless liquid that protects the brain
    and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries
A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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15
Q

CSF is continually produced by

A

choroid plexus

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16
Q
  • network of capillaries (MICROSCOPIC BLOOD
    VESSELS) in the walls of the ventricles
A

choroid plexus

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17
Q
  • These capillaries are covered by EPENDYMAL CELLS
    (line the fluis-filled cavities of the brain) that form CSF from blood plasma
    through the processes of FILTRATION & SECRETION
A

choroid plexus

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18
Q

total volume of CSF in adult

A

80-150 ml

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19
Q

CSF pressure

A

120-180 mm of H20/ 0-10mmHg

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20
Q

CSF composition:

A
  • composed primarily of water
    *Glucose
    *Proteins
    *lactic Acid
    *Urea
    *Cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg ions)
    *Anions (Chloride ions and Bicarbonate ions)
    *some white blood cells
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21
Q

main function of CSF

A
  • mechanical protection
  • chemical protection
  • circulation
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22
Q
  • CSF serves as a shock-absorbing medium that shields the delicate tissues of the brain & spinal cord, from blows that would otherwise cause
    them to hit the bony walls of the cranial cavity and vertebral canal. The fluid also
    buoys the brain so that it “floats” in the cranial cavity.
A

mechanical protection

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23
Q
  • It provides an OPTIMAL CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT for accurate neuronal transmission of signals.
A

chemical protection

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24
Q
  • CSF is a medium of EXCHANGE of nutrients from the blood & metabolic waste products from the nervous tissues.
A

circulation

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25
Q

cavities in the brain that communicate with each other with the central canal of the spinal cord & the subarachnoid space

A
  • ventricles
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26
Q

ventricles:

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
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27
Q
  • narrow oval opening thru which each lateral ventricle communicates with the 3rd ventricle
A

*Interventricular foramen – FORAMEN OF MONRO

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28
Q

interventricular foramen

A
  • foramen monro
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29
Q
  • opening of the roof of the 4th ventricle thru which it communicates with the 3rd ventricle
A

*Cerebral Aqueduct /AQUEDUCT OF SYLVIUS

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30
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A
  • aqueduct of sylvius
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31
Q

one median aperture

A

foramen of magendie

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32
Q

2 lateral apertures

A

foramen of luschka

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33
Q
  • the fingerlike projections of the arachnoid membrane that project into the epidural venous
    sinuses, especially the superior sagittal sinus
A

arachnoid villi

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34
Q

Most of the fluid is absorbed into blood vascular sinus called

A

superior sagittal sinus

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35
Q

supplies the brain with blood

A

circle of Willis/cerebral arterial circle

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36
Q

an arrangement of blood vessels at base of brain called

A

circle of Willis/cerebral arterial circle

37
Q

the Circle of Willis is formed by the interconnection of the following arteries

A
  1. Posterior Cerebral Artery
  2. Anterior cerebral artery
  3. Internal carotid artery
  4. Middle Cerebral artery
  5. Posterior Communicating artery
  6. Anterior communicating artery
38
Q

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE Circle of Willi

A
  • ability for collateral blood flow
  • ability for autoregulation
  • ability to respond to biochemical changes
39
Q
  • The circle is a structure credited for its ability to
    compensate for reduced blood flow from anyone of the major contributors.
A

ability for collateral blood flow

40
Q
  • the brain is able to autoregulate its blood flow to
    respond to changes in intraluminal pressure
A

ability for autoregulation

41
Q
  • Increased CO2 content –causes notable VASODILATION of cerebral vessels to
    increase O2 perfusion.
A

ability to respond to biochemical changes

42
Q
  • thickening of the walls of the
    arteries)
A

arteriosclerosis

43
Q
  • the brain utilizes about ___ of the body’s oxygen supply
A

20%

44
Q

Any _______ can result in weakening,
permanent damage, or death of brain cells

A

interruption of the oxygen supply

45
Q

_________ may produce mental confusion, dizziness,
convulsions, and unconsciousness

A

glucose deficiency

46
Q
  • permits passageway of essential nutrients (glucose, O2, ions) excluding large
  • molecules such as CHON molecules & peptides (long chains of amino acids)
  • Inhibits potentially harmful substances and pathogens from entering the brain
A

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER (BBB)

47
Q

*SUBSTANCES THAT PASS RAPIDLY:

A

-Glucose, O2 & certain ions

48
Q

*SUBSTANCES THAT PASS QUITE SLOWLY

A

-creatinine, urea, chloride, insulin, sucrose

49
Q

*SUBSTANCES THAT DO NOT PASS AT ALL:

A

-CHON & most antibiotics

50
Q

most complex and largest mass of the nervous tissue

A

brain

51
Q

brain weighs about ___ of the TBW

A

2%

52
Q
  • utilizes ___ of the O2 supply of the body
A

20%

53
Q
  • receives ___ to ___ of the cardiac output
A

15-20%

54
Q
  • utilizes ___ to ___ of glucose in the body
A

65-70%

55
Q

brain grows rapidly up to ___ year of life

A

5th

56
Q

brain stops growing after

A

20

57
Q

4 main parts of the brain

A
  • brainstem
  • diencephalon
  • cerebrum
    -cerebellum
58
Q

-consists of the Medulla Oblongata, Pons & Midbrain
-connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain

A

brain stem

59
Q
  • most inferior part of the brainstem
A

medulla oblongata

60
Q
  • The medulla starts at the foramen magnum and extends to the inferior border
    of the pons, a distance of about
A

3 cm/1.2 inches

61
Q

medulla oblongata contains the vital centers for:

A
  • cardiac control (HR)
  • Respiratory control (MRA)
62
Q
  • regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat
    and the diameter of blood vessels
A

cardiac control

63
Q
  • it contains the MRA/Medullary Rhythmicity Area
A

respiratory control

64
Q
  • adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing
A

inspiratory and expiratory areas

65
Q
  • In the medulla oblongata are bulging protrusions at its anterior portion known
A

pyramids

66
Q

Most of the axons of the PYRAMIDS cross to
the opposite side & this crossing over forms the

A

DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS

67
Q

Function: regulates Heart Rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance & coordination

A

medulla oblongata

68
Q
  • located immediately superior to the MO
A

pons

69
Q
  • means “bridge”, serves as a functional bridge bet the cerebrum & the cerebellum
A

pons

70
Q
  • it is anterior to the cerebellum and is about ___ cm
A

2.5 cm/1 in. long

71
Q

pons contains ________ and _____ which maintain the rhythm of respiration

A

pneumotaxic and apneustic areas

72
Q

These areas do not generate primary rhythm for respiration but rather act as

A
  • modifiers
73
Q
  • These areas do not generate primary rhythm for respiration but rather act as MODIFIERS of the rhythm established by the
A
  • rhythmicity area
74
Q
  • transmits inhibitory impulses to the
    INSPIRATORY AREA at the M.O.
A

pneumotaxic area

75
Q
  • sends stimulatory impulses to the INSPIRATORY
    AREA at the MO.
A

apneustic area

76
Q

major effect of pneumotaxic area

A
  • helps turn-off the INSPIRATORY AREA before the lungs become full of air
77
Q

major effect of apneustic area

A

prolonged inspiration

78
Q

it is called mesencephalon

A

midbrain

79
Q
  • located superior to the pons
  • smallest portion of the brainstem
A

midbrain

80
Q

about how long is the midbrain

A

2.5 cm

81
Q
  • (paired bundles of axons) which relay
    motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons & spinal cord
A

cerebral peduncles

82
Q

which consists of 4 rounds of colliculi that
are involved in hearing & are integral portion of the auditory pathways in the CNS (2 inferior colliculi) and 2 superior colliculi involved in visual reflexes

A

corpora quadrigemina

83
Q

 scattered throughout the brainstem
 plays an important role in arousal and in maintaining consciousness
thru the sleep & wake cycle
 helps regulate muscle tone
 alerts the cortes to incoming sensory signals
 The broad region where white matter and gray matter exhibit a netlike
arrangement

A

reticular formation

84
Q

-part of the brain between the brainstem & the cerebrum
-consists of the Thalamus, Pineal Body & Hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

85
Q

-largest part of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

86
Q
  • serves as the RELAY STATION of sensory inputs from the spinal cord & brainstem
  • Influences mood
  • Registers an unconscious, unfocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain
  • Serves as the interpretation center for sensory impulses such as pain,
    temperature, light touch & pressure
A

thalamus

87
Q

-located posterior to the thalamus
Functions:
a. an endocrine gland which influences the onset of puberty
b. secretes the hormone MELATONIN (released more during darkness than
during daytime)

A

pineal body

88
Q
  1. it promotes sleep
  2. it sets of the body’s biological clock or circadian rhythm (the pattern
    of each 24-hour period such as temperature and other vital signs)
A

effects of melatonin

Kimmy: Nervous System (8 decks)

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