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COMD 3100 > Lesson 5 > Flashcards

Lesson 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • provide support and nutrients to neurons
    1. astrocytes
    2. Microglia
    3. Oligodendrocytes
    4. Schwanns Cells
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2
Q

Astrocytes (glial cells)

A
  • suspends and separates neurons

- connects to blood capillaries & assists in transporting substances from the blood to the nerve cells

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3
Q

microglia (glial cells)

A
  • cleans damaged tissue from a lesion in the nervous system

- surrounds and destroys harmful organisms

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4
Q

schwanns cells (glial cells)

A

-form myelin in peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

Neuron (nerve cell)

A

-communication elements of the nervous system

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6
Q

What are the Neuron structures?

A
  1. Soma (cell body)
  2. Dendrite
  3. Axon
  4. Axon hillock
  5. myelin sheath
  6. Nodes of Ranvier
  7. Telodendria
  8. Terminal Buttons
  9. Synaptic Vesicles
  10. Neurotransmitters
  11. Synapse
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7
Q

Dendrite (neuron structure)

A

short projections that conduct impulses toward the cell body

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8
Q

Axon (neuron structure)

A

longer projection that conduct impulses away from the cell body

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9
Q

axon hillock (neuron structure)

A

junction between axon and soma

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10
Q

myelin sheath (neuron structure)

A
  • white fatty covering on axon
  • protects and insulates the axon
  • increases rate of neural conduction
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11
Q

Nodes of Ranvier (neuron structure)

A
  • area between myelinated segments where the axon is exposed
  • permit saltatory conduction
  • > process in which info in the axon passes from node to node, thereby greatly increasing conduction in speech
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12
Q

Telodendria (neuron structure)

A

smaller branches extending from end of axon

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13
Q

Terminal buttons (neuron structure)

A
  • located at tip of telodendria
  • transmit information to next neuron
  • contain synaptic vesicle
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14
Q

synaptic vesicles (neuron structure)

A

contain neurotransmitters

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15
Q

neurotransmitters (neuron structure)

A

chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse

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16
Q

synapse (neuron structure)

A

small gap between connecting neurons

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17
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • chronic disease
  • myelin in the central nervous system is destroyed
  • myelin forms scar tissue (sclerosis)
  • nerve impulses are distorted or interrupted
  • symptoms vary based on located and severity of myelin damage
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18
Q

Neurotransmission

A

communication between neurons by the movement of chemicals across a synapse

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19
Q

neurotransmitters are released…

A

into synaptic cleft to facilitate transmission of info from the presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron

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20
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine
  • excitatory ->increase in activity
  • inhibitory ->reduction in activity
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21
Q

Functional differences between neurons

A
  1. interneurons
  2. sensory neurons
  3. motor neurons
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22
Q

interneurons

A

communicating within the nervous system

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23
Q

sensory neurons (afferent)

A

communication sent from the body toward the central nervous system

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24
Q

motor neurons (efferent)

A

communication sent from the central nervous system to the body

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25
Q

Nerve pathways and tracts

A
  • neurons function in groups
  • wrapped together in bundles that form nerve pathways or tracts
  • > efferent
  • > afferent
  • > mixed
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26
Q

upper motor neurons

A
  • neurons located within the central nervous system

- responsible for carrying impulses for voluntary motor activity from the cerebrum to the lower motor neurons

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27
Q

lower motor neurons

A
  • neurons located in the peripheral nervous system

- provides impulses/info directly to peripheral structures

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28
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

the point of synapse between neuron and muscle

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29
Q

myasthenia gravis (disorder)

A
  • chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder
  • autoimmune responses destroys or blocks the receptor sites of the neuromuscular junction (neurotransmitters are unable to stimulate a response)
  • fluctuating weakness of voluntary muscle groups
  • hypernasal speech w/ reduced intelligibility
  • difficulty chewing and swallowing
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30
Q

divisions of the nervous system

A
  • anatomical division

- functional division

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31
Q

anatomical division of the nervous system

A
  • central nervous system (CNS)

- peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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32
Q

Central nervous system (anatomical div)

A
  • brain (cerebrum, subcortical structures, brainstem, & cerebellum)
  • spinal cord
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33
Q

peripheral nervous system (anatomical div)

A
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • sensory receptors
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34
Q

functional division of the nervous system

A
  • autonomic nervous system

- somatic system

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35
Q

autonomic nervous system (functional div)

A

-involuntary functions ( heart rate, digestion, breathing)

  • sympathetic system
    • > expends energy
  • parasympathetic system
    • > conserves energy
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36
Q

Somatic system (functional div)

A

-voluntary motor control

-pyramidal system (direct)
->initiation of voluntary motor acts
-extrapyramidal system (indirect)
->controls background tone & movement to support
primary motor acts

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37
Q

cerebrum - basic structures

A
  • cerebrum cortex
    1. Gyri
    2. Sulci
    3. Fissure
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38
Q

Gyri (cerebrum)

A

convolutions

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39
Q

sulci (cerebrum)

A

infoldings

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40
Q

fissure (cerebrum)

A

deep pronounced infoldings

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41
Q

major landmarks of the central and peripheral nervous system

A
  • central fissure/ sulcus
  • lateral fissure/ sulcus
  • cerebral longitudinal fissure
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42
Q

central fissure/sulcus (landmark)

A
  • rolandic fissure

- separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobes

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43
Q

lateral fissure/sulcus (landmark)

A
  • sylvian fissure

- separates temporal lobe from frontal an parietal lobes

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44
Q

cerebral longitudinal fissure

A

-separates left hemisphere from right hemisphere

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45
Q

LEFT hemisphere (cerebral longitudinal fissure)

A
  • linear, analytical, logical

- math, science, language formulation

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46
Q

RIGHT hemisphere (cerebral longitudinal fissure)

A
  • holistic, imaginative, creative

- music, art, language expression

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47
Q

lobes

A 
frontal 
parietal 
temporal
occipital 
insular
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48
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • planning, initiation, & inhibition of voluntary motions & thought processes
    1. Broca’s area
    2. Precentral gyrus
    3. premotor region
    4. anterior portion of front lobe
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49
Q

Broca’s Area (frontal lobe)

A
  • speech motor planning

- dominant (left) hemisphere

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50
Q

precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)

A
  • motor strip
  • initiation of voluntary motor movement to contralateral side of the body
  • specific portions of the motor strop control specific muscles and structures
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51
Q

premotor region (frontal lobe)

A

motor planning

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52
Q

anterior portion of frontal lobe

A
  • memory
  • emotion
  • thought processes (reasoning, problem-solving, judging)
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53
Q

parietal lobe

A
  1. postcentral gyrus
  2. inferior parietal lobule
  3. angular gyrus
  4. supramarginal gyrus
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54
Q

postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe)

A

receives sensory information

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55
Q

inferior parietal lobule (parietal lobe)

A

interprets visual, auditory and somatic sensory info

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56
Q

angular gyrus (parietal lobe)

A
  • involved in mathematical calculation
  • reading and writing
  • impairment may cause dyslexia &/or dysgraphia
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57
Q

supramarginal gyrus (parietal lobe)

A

-phonological development (rhyming & reading development)

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58
Q

temporal lobe

A
  1. Heschl’s gyrus

2. Wernicke’s area

59
Q

Heschl’s Gyrus (temporal lobe)

A

-receives auditory information from the ears

60
Q

Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)

A
  • processes receptive language (comprehension and formulation of spoken language)
  • dominant (left) hemisphere
61
Q

aphasia (disorder)

A
  • acquired language disorder involving difficulty producing or comprehending language (spoken & written)
  • generally caused by brain damage due to stroke, trauma, or tumor near Wernicke’s area & Broca’s area
  • Mild to severe
62
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • calcarine sulcus

- > primary reception area for visual information

63
Q

insular lobe

A
  • insula
  • deep to the lateral fissure
  • it is believed to be involved with speech function, the limbic system, and visceral function
  • gustation (taste)
64
Q

Cortical Connections

A
  1. Projection Fiber
  2. Association Fibers
  3. Commissural Fibers
65
Q

projection fibers (cortical connections)

A

-tracts communication to an from the cerebral cortex

brainstem and spinal cord

66
Q

association fibers (cortical connections)

A
  • communicating fibers between regions of the same hemisphere
  • short association fibers
  • long association fibers
67
Q

Shorts association fibers (cortical connections)

A

-connect neurons of one gyrus to the next gyrus

68
Q

long association fibers (cortical connections)

A
  • connect the lobes of the brain in the same hemisphere

- arcuate fasciculus

69
Q

arcuate fasciculus (long association fibers)

A

-connect Wernikes area to Broca’s area

70
Q

Commissural Fibers (cortical connections)

A
  • communicating fibers between the right and left hemisphere
  • corpus callosum
71
Q

Corpus Callosum (commissural fibers)

A
  • agenesis of the corpus callosum:

- ->birth defect in which the corpus callosum is not fully formed or is only partially formed

72
Q

subcortical areas of the brain

A
  1. Limbic system
  2. Basal Nuclei
  3. Thalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
73
Q

Limbic system - FUNCTION

subcortical areas of the brain

A

involved in motivation, emotion, memory, reproduction, feeding behavior, and olfaction

74
Q

limbic system- IMPORTANT STRUCTURES FOR COMMUNICATING

subcortical areas of the brain

A
  1. hippocampus

2. amygdala

75
Q

Hippocampus

important structure for communicating

A
  • learning & memory

- transfers memories from short term to long term memory

76
Q

Amygdala

important structure for communicating

A
  • involved in ascribing emotion to events and behaviors

- also aids in memory building

77
Q

Basal Nuclei - STRUCTURES

subcortical areas of the brain

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Globus pallidus
  3. Putamen
  4. Substantia Nigra
    - >contains dopamine neurotransmitters
78
Q

Basal Nuclei - FUNCTIONS

subcortical areas of the brain

A
  • regulates motor control for posture, balance & background muscle tone
  • control of precise voluntary movements through inhibition (helps to refine & smooth movements)
79
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • neuromuscular disease

- degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in the substantial nigra

80
Q

Parkinson’s Disease - SYMPTOMS

A
  • slowness of voluntary movements
  • trembling of hand at rest
  • decreased facial expression and monotone speech
  • shuffling gait
  • swallowing problems (dysphagia)
81
Q

Thalamus - FUNCTION

subcortical areas of the brain

A
  • relay station
    • > all information traveling to the cerebral cortex (exception olfaction) passes through the thalamus
    • > sorts & interprets info & decides which signal should be transmitted to the cerebrum
82
Q

Hypothalamus- FUNCTION

subcortical areas of the brain

A
  • involved in sensory & motor of visceral function

- regulates hormonal function, body temperature, hunger, sleep-wake cycles, blood pressure, and other function

83
Q

cerebellum- FUNCTION

A
  • regulate posture and coordination
  • coordinates motor commands with sensory inputs to control movements
    • > rate
    • > range
    • > force
84
Q

Ataxia

A
  • without coordination
  • caused by infections, injuries, degenerative diseases that affect the cerebellum
  • may cause coordination impairment in writing, walking speech and swallowing
85
Q

Brainstem -FUNCTION

A
  • responsible for basic body function to maintain life
  • site of many reflexes involved in respiration, swallowing and digestion
  • origin of cranial nerves
  • pathway between cerebrum,cerebellum and spinal cord
86
Q

brainstem -STRUCTURES

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
87
Q

midbrain

brainstem structure

A
  • contains cerebral peduncles (large bundle of nerve pathways) that provide communication to and from the cerebrum
    • > corticospinal tract
    • > corticonuclear tract
88
Q

corticospinal tract

midbrain

A

projects muscle control to extremities

89
Q

corticonuclear tract

A
  • corticobulbar

- project muscle control to cranial nerves

90
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A
  • degenerative disease of the nervous system
  • causes muscle atrophy in the muscles of the extremities, trunk, mouth, and face
  • corticospinal involvement symptoms will show up in fine motor movements of the extremities first
  • corticonuclear (bulbar) involvement will show up in speech and swallowing first
91
Q

Pons

brainstem structure

A
  • bridge to connect cerebellum and the rest of the nervous system
  • contains olivary complex
    • > aid in localization of sound and noise reduction
92
Q

medulla

brainstem structure

A

Pyramids
-location where cerebral motor commands cross (decussate) from one side of the body to the contralateral side of the body

93
Q

unilateral motor impairment

A
  • muscle paresis (weakness) or paralysis (loss of muscle control on one side of the body)
  • neurological damage is on the opposite side of the brain
94
Q

Spinal Cord - STRUCTURES

A
  1. Central Canal
  2. White Matter
  3. Gray Matter
  4. Spinal Nerve
95
Q 
Central canal 
(spinal cord structures)
A

cerebral spinal fluid

96
Q 
white matter 
(spinal cord structures)
A
  • contain sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) pathways
  • > sensory (afferent) pathways
  • > motor (efferent) pathways
97
Q

sensory (afferent) pathways

white matter

A

-transmit information about pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception to the thalamus, cerebrum, and cerebellum

98
Q 
gray matter
(spinal cord structures)
A
  • site of neuron synapse
    • > Dorsal (posterior) Horn (root)- Afferent (sensory) information
    • > Ventral (anterior) Horn (root)- Efferent (motor) information
99
Q 
Spinal nerve
(spinal cord structures)
A
  • contain both sensory and motor branch
  • sensory branch exits the spinal cord at the posterior root
  • motor branch enters the spinal cord at the anterior root
  • the two branches converge outside the spinal cord to form the spinal nerve
100
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves

A 
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral 
1 Coccygeal
101
Q

Spinal Reflex Arc

spinal nerve

A
  • simple stimulus response
  • sensory nerve ending receives a stimulus
  • sensory information travels to the spinal cord via the posterior horn
  • synapse with a connecting neuron within the gray matter
  • synapse with a motor neuron in the anterior horn
  • information travels along the motor neuron to the neuromuscular junction
  • reflexive movement
102
Q

protective and circulatory systems

A
  • Meningeal Linings (meninges)
  • Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Cerebrovascular System
103
Q

Meningeal Linings

protective and circulatory systems

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia Mater
  4. Subdural space
  5. Subarachnoid space
104
Q

Dura

Meningeal Linings

A
  • outer layer

- tough membranous connective tissue

105
Q

Arachnoid Mater

Meningeal Linings

A

-middle layer

106
Q

Pia Mater

Meningeal Linings

A
  • inner layer

- thin covering of tissue that adheres closely to the grooves and convolutions of the brain

107
Q

subdural space

Meningeal Linings

A

located between the dura mater and the arachnoid

108
Q

subarachnoid space

Meningeal Linings

A
  • located between the arachnoid and pia mater

- filled with cerebrospinal fluid

109
Q

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

protective and circulatory systems

A
  1. Cerebrospinal Fluid
  2. Choroid Plexus
  3. Lateral Ventricles
  4. Interventricular foramen of Monroe
  5. Third Ventricle
  6. Cerebral Aqueduct
  7. Fourth ventricle
110
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • cushion for the brain and spinal cord (protection and suspension)
  • circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood
  • removes waste products from the brain
111
Q

choroid plexus

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

-produces cerebrospinal fluid in ventricles

112
Q

lateral ventricles

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • 2
  • one in each hemisphere
  • beginning ventricles for circulation of CFS
113
Q

interventricular foramen of Monroe

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

passageway between lateral ventricle and third ventricle

114
Q

third ventricle

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

1

115
Q

cerebral aqueduct

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

passage way between third ventricle and fourth ventricle

116
Q

fourth ventricle

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • 1
  • sends cerebrospinal fluid to subarachnoid space to circulate around brain and spinal cord
  • cerebrospinal fluid is then absorbed by the venous system
117
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid
  • increases the size of the ventricles
  • results in pressure on the brain
  • variety of impairment of brain function
118
Q

Cerebrovascular system - FUNCTION

protective and circulatory systems

A
  • brain needs continuous supply of blood for the oxygen and glucose
  • brain does not store the required oxygen and glucose
  • interruptions of blood supply longer than a few minutes can cause permanent brain damage
119
Q

Circle of Willis

cerebrovascular system

A
  • series of points of communication between arteries
  • equalizes blood pressure within the brain
  • equalizes distribution of blood flow
    1. anterior cerebral artery
    2. middle cerebral artery
    3. posterior cerebral artery
    4. cerebellar artery
    5. basilar artery
120
Q

Anterior cerebral artery

circle of willis

A
  • portions of the frontal and parietal lobes
  • corpus callosum
  • basal ganglia
121
Q

middle cerebral artery

circle of Willis

A
  • temporal lobe
  • motor strip
  • Brocas area
  • Wernicke’s Area
  • sensory reception regions
122
Q

posterior cerebral artery

circle of willis

A
  • portions of the temporal and occipital lobe
  • upper midbrain
  • cerebellum
123
Q

cerebellar artery

circle of willis

A

cerebellum

124
Q

basilar artery

circle of willis

A

brainstem

125
Q

stroke- DISRUPTION OF BLOOD SUPPLY TO BRAIN

A

-Occurs when an artery to the brain is either blocked or burst

126
Q

stroke- MAY CAUSE TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT DISABILITIES

A
  • paralysis or weakness on one side of the body
  • difficulty talking or swallowing
  • memory loss or thinking difficulties
  • emotional impairments
127
Q

Cranial Nerves

A 
I- Olfactory
II- Optic
III- Oculomotor
IV- Trochlear
V- Trigeminal
VI- Abducens
VII- Facial
VIII- Vestibulocochlear 
IX- Glossopharyngeal 
X- Vagus  
XI- Accessory 
XII- Hypoglossal
128
Q

Olfactory

cranial nerve

A

I

  • function: sense of smell
  • Type: sensory
  • Damage: anosmia- loss of sense of smell and taste
129
Q

Optic

cranial nerve

A

II

  • Function: communicates visual information to the brain
  • Type: Sensory
  • Damage: various types of visual impairment depending on the location and severity of the damage along the nerve
130
Q

Oculomotor

cranial nerve

A

III
Function: innervates eye movement (visual convergence and pupil size/lens shape)
Type: Motor
Damage: -Inability to turn the eye in
-drooping of the eyelid
-abnormal dilation of the pupil

131
Q

Trochlear

cranial nerve

A

IV
Function: innervates eyes movement (visual tracking: downward and outward)
Type: Motor
Damage: inability to turn eye down and out

132
Q

Trigeminal

cranial nerve

A

V
-Function:
Motor: innervates muscles of mastication, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani
Sensory: communicates sensation from face, mouth, teeth mucosal lining and tongue

-Type: Both

  • Damage:
  • > increased jaw jerk reflex
  • > jaw may deviate toward the side of the lesion
  • > jaw may hang open- will effect speech
  • > hypernasality in speech due to weakness or paralysis of tensor veli palatini muscle
  • > loss or altered sensation from various locations of the face
133
Q

Abducens

cranial nerve

A

VI

  • Function: innervates eye movements (lateral eye movements)
  • Type: Motor
  • Damage: -eyes rotate in
    - double vision
134
Q

Facial

cranial nerve

A

VII
-Function:
Motor: innervates muscles of facial expression and tear glands
Sensory: serves taste of anterior two-thirds of tongue

-Type: Both

  • Damage:
  • > upper and lower face paralysis on the side of the lesion
  • > loss of tone, reduction in wrinkling
  • > may drool due to the loss of lip control
  • > alteration of taste
135
Q

Bells Palsy

A

compression of the facial nerve

136
Q

Vestibulocochlear

cranial nerve

A

VIII

  • Auditory nerve
  • Function: Mediates auditory (hearing) information and vestibular (equilibrium) sensations
  • Type: Sensory
  • Damage: - Ipsilateral (same side) hearing loss
    - Vertigo (feeling that you or your surrounding are moving)
137
Q

Glossopharyngeal

cranial nerve

A

IX
-Function:
Motor: innervation of stylopharyngeus and superior pharyngeal constrictor
Sensory: Taste to posterior one-third of tongue and portion of the soft palate

-Type: Both

  • Damage: -loss of sensation for posterior tongue and pharynx
    - reduced or absent gag reflex
138
Q

Vagus

cranial nerve

A

X
-Function:
Motor: Innervates muscles of the larynx used for phonation and protection of the airway, innervates all velopharyngeal muscles except the tensor veli palatini
Sensory: Delivers, pain touch a temperature sense from the eardrum, posterior auricle and external auditory meatus

  • serves that autonomic nervous system (heart rate, blood pressure, digestion)
  • Type: Both
  • Damage:
  • > dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
  • > loss of gag reflex
  • > hyper nasality
  • > nasal regurgitation
  • > unilateral or bilateral flaccid vocal fold paralysis
  • > risk for aspiration pneumonia
139
Q

Accessory

cranial nerve

A

XI

  • Function: activates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
  • Type: motor
  • Damage:
  • > unable to turn head away from the side of the lesion
  • > restricted ability to elevate the arm
  • > drooping shoulder
140
Q

Hypoglossal

cranial nerve

A

XII

  • Function: innervates the muscles of the tongue
  • Type: Motor
  • Damage:
  • > tongue will deviate toward the side of the lesion
  • > fasciculation (abnormal involuntary twitching) of tongue
  • > tongue muscle weakness
141
Q

Traumatic brain injuries

A
  • coup

- contrecoup

142
Q

coup

Traumatic brain injury

A

injury at the site of impact

143
Q

contrecoup

Traumatic brain injury

A
  • injury opposite the site of impact

- linear and rotational movement of the brain within skull

COMD 3100 (5 decks)

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