lesson 1 Flashcards
anatomical position
the body is erect and the palms and arms face forward
axis
line running through the center
anatomy
The study of organism structure and the relations of their parts
physiology
the study of the function of the living organisms and their parts
physics
a branch of natural science that deals with ENERGY,MOTION & FORCE of a particular system
plane
flat or fairly smooth
surface
frontal plane (coronal)
divides body into FRONT and BACK halves
transverse plane
divides body into UPPER & LOWER portions
sagittal plane
divides body into RIGHT & LEFT parts
anterior or ventral
towards the FRONT
posterior or dorsal
toward the BACK
lateral
toward the SIDE
medial
toward the MIDLINE
superior, rostral or cranial
ABOVE or toward the HEAD
inferior or caudal
BELOW or toward TAIL (end)
proximal
NEARER to a point of reference
distal
FARTHER from a point of reference
abduct
move AWAY from midline
adduct
move TOWARD the midline
superficial
toward the SURFACE (whitehead pimple)
deep
toward the central axis or further from the surface
central
toward the CENTER
peripheral
AWAY from the center of the body
prone
lying on BELLY or face DOWN
supine
lying on the BACK or face UP
flexion
BENDING at a joint usually ventral (front) direction
extension
the opposite of flexion, pulling two ends FARTHER apart
hypertension or dorsiflexion
when extension continues to the point where the dorsal surfaces approach each other
axial skeleton
head and trunk
appendicular skeleton
lower and upper limbs (arms & legs)
regions of body
- thorax
- abdomen
- trunk
- pelvis
- skull
- upper extremity
- lower extremity
thorax (region of body)
chest region
abdomen (region of body)
belly or abdominal area
trunk (region of body)
made up of the thorax and abdomen
pelvis (region of body)
area of the hip bones
skull (region of body)
- cranium - houses the brain & its components
2. facial portion - houses mouth,pharynx,nasal cavity
upper extremity (region of body)
- arm
- forearm
- wrist
- hand
lower extremity (region of body)
- thigh
- leg
- ankle
- foot
building blocks of anatomy
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- systems
cells (building blocks of anatomy)
the basic structural and functional units of all organisms
tissues (building blocks of anatomy)
when groups of cells combine or associate together to exhibit functional unity
types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscle
neural
epithelial tissue- FUNCTION
provides a protective lining for the surface of the body and internal surfaces of cavities of the body
epithelial tissues- PROPERTIES
- single layer of cells (simple)
- multiple layers of cells (stratified or compound)
- may have cilia
- very little matrix
types of epithelial tissues
- epithelial proper
- endothelial
- mesothelial
Epithelial proper (epithelial tissues)
-skin (epidermis) & internal membranes that line the digestive, respiratory,urinary and reproductive tracts
endothelial (epithelial tissues )
linings of blood & lymph vessels
mesothelial (epithelial tissues )
lines internal body cavities (pericardial [heart], pleural [lungs], peritoneal [abdomen])
connection tissues- FUNCTION
support and connect other tissues
connective tissue- PROPERTIES
- fewer cells
- matrix
- protein fibers (collagen)
- fluid
types of connective tissues
- loose connective tissues
- dense connective tissue
- specialized tissue
loose connective tissue
- areolar tissue
- adipose tissue
- lymphoid tissue
areolar tissue- (loose connective tissue)
forms the bed of the skin
adipose tissue -(loose connective tissue )
contains fat storing cells, provides protection,insulation and fuel storage
lymphoid tissue - (loose connective tissue )
tissue in tonsils, adenoid, and lymph nodes
dense connective tissues
- tendons
- ligaments
- fascia
tendons - (dense connective tissues)
- tough, non elastic cords
- attach muscles to bone, muscles to cartilage or muscles to muscles
ligaments - (dense connective tissues )
- some elasticity that tie structures together
- skeletal ligaments join bone to bone, bone to cartilage, cartilage to cartilage
- visceral ligaments tie organs together and keep them in place
fascia - (dense connective tissues)
separates muscles into functional groups
specialized tissue
- cartilage
- blood
- bone
Cartilage
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
Hyaline (Cartilage)
- bluish (white translucent)
- strong support w/ flexibility
- smooth
- ribs, larynx, trachea,bronchial passageways,nose
Elastic (cartilage)
- Yellow and opaque
- very flexible
- outer ear, epiglottis, small cartilage of the larynx
fibrocartilage (cartilage)
- dense and white
- support weight, shock absorber and cushion
- interverebral discs, temporomandibular joint
blood (special tissue)
- does not contain fiber in matrix
- plasma is the fluid component (matrix) of blood
- red blood cells,white blood cells & platelets are suspended in matrix
- transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling molecules
- removes waste
bone (special tissue)
- provides framework for other tissues in body
- matrix is intermixed with mineral that give it rigidity and hardness
types of bone tissue
- compact
- spongy
compact (bone tissue)
- dense
- smooth white appearance
- surrounded by fibrous membrane (periosteum)
spongy (bone tissue)
- more porous
- usually found toward the end of bones
- has marrow that makes blood cells and platelets
articulation (connecting connective tissues)
-a joint or juncture between bones or cartilages
joints (connecting connective tissues)
- connection between bones or cartilage
- diarthrodial
- amphiarthrodial
- synarthrodial
diarthrodial (joint)
- high mobility
- synovial
- hinge
- pivot
- ball and socket
- saddle
- ellipsoid (condyloid)
- plane
hinge (synovial dia joint)
elbow & knee
pivot (synovial dia joint)
atlas (C1) & axis (C2)
ball & socket (synovial dia joint)
hip and shoulder
saddle (synovial dia joint)
metacarpal joint
ellipsoid (synovial dia joint)
- condyloid
- temporomandibular joint
plane (synovial dia joint)
- gliding
- costovertebral joint
amphiarthrodial (joint)
- limited mobility
- cartilaginous connective tissue joint
- pelvic symphysis and costal cartilages (ribs)
synarthrodial (joint)
- no mobility
- connects bones fibrous connective tissue
- cranial structures
muscle tissue - TYPES
- cardiac
- smooth
- striated
cardiac (muscle)
- found only in heart
- controlled but the autonomic or involuntary nervous system
smooth (muscle)
- found in digestive tract & blood vessels
- controlled by the autonomic or involuntary nervous system
striated (muscle)
- aka skeletal muscle because it connects skeletal framework
- has a striped appearance
- controlled by the somatic (voluntary) nervous
muscles function
- can only actively shorten (contraction)
- contract only in a straight line (except sphincter muscles)
muscle points of attatchement
- ORIGIN- least mobile point of attachment
- INSERTION- point of attachment that moves when a muscle is contracted
neural tissue- FUNCTION
specialized to transmit information
neural tissue- COMPONENTS
- NEURONS (nerve cells)- transmit info from neuron to neuron
- GLIAL cells- support and provide nutrients to the neurons
organs
collections of tissues associated together for a particular function
systems
when two or more organs combine or associate together for a particular function
systems of verbal communication (human communication system)
- PRANA
- Phonatory system
- Respiratory system
- Articulation,resonance, deglutition systems
- Nervous system
- Auditory system
