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COMD 3100 > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gas between an organism and its environment

essential for voice production

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2
Q

inspiration

A

the process bringing air into the lungs

aka inhalation

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3
Q

expiration

A

process of eliminating air from the lungs

aka exhalation

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4
Q

vertebral column- FUNCTION

A

provides protection for the spinal cords

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5
Q

types of vertebrae

A
  • 7 Cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 1 sacrum
  • 1 coccyx
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6
Q

7 cervical (vertebrae)

A

-neck
C1-C7
atlas C1
Axis C2

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7
Q

atlas C1 (cervical)

A

supports the weight of the skull

very small spinous process

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8
Q

axis C2 (cervical)

A

fits into atlas and allows for rotation and pivoting of the skull

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9
Q

12 thoracic (vertebrae)

A

-behind ribcage
T1- T12
-larger spinous and transverse processes than cervical vertebrae
-superior and inferior costal facets are the attatchment points for ribs

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10
Q

5 lumbar (vertebrae)

A
  • lower back
  • L1 - L5
  • largest and strongest vertebrae
  • provide attachment points for back and abdominal muscles
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11
Q

1 sacrum (vertebrae)

A
  • hips

- S1 - S5 fuse together to form sacrum

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12
Q

sacral foramina

A

provides a passageways for sacral nerves

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13
Q

1 coccyx (vertebrae)

A
  • tailbone
  • 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse together to form the coccyx
  • articulated with sacrum by means of a small disc
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14
Q

structures of a vertebrae

A
  • body
  • pedicles
  • neural arch
  • vertebral foramen
  • spinous process
  • transverse process
  • superior and inferior articular facets
  • anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
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15
Q

body (structures of a vertebrae)

A
  • corpus

- anterior large plate like portion

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16
Q

pedicles (structures of a vertebrae)

A

lateral sides of the body project posteriorly then join at midline

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17
Q

neural arch (structures of a vertebrae )

A

created where pedicles join at midline

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18
Q

vertebral foramen (structures of a vertebrae )

A

canal created when vertebrae are staked, passage of spinal cord

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19
Q

spinous process (structures of a vertebrae )

A
  • extends dorsally and inferiorly from nueral arch

- attachment point for muscles and ligaments

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20
Q

transverse process (structures of a vertebrae )

A
  • projects laterally on either side of the vertebrae

- attachment point for muscles and ligaments

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21
Q

superior and inferior articular facets (structures of a vertebrae )

A

allow vertebrae to stack on top of one another

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22
Q

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments (structures of a vertebrae )

A
  • extend through the length of spinal column

- bind the bodies of the vertebrae together

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23
Q

intervertebral discs

A
  • fibrocartilaginous discs found between vertebrae except for C1 & C2
  • provides support and cushion for vertebrae
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24
Q

spinal curvature - NORMAL

A
  • cervical curve : Concave
  • thoracic curve: Convex
  • lumbar curve : Concave
  • sacral curve : Convex
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25
Q

pelvic girdle- FUNCTION

A
  • supports lower extremities

- bears weight for legs

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26
Q

pelvic girdle- STRUCTURES

A
  • illium
  • ischium
  • pubic bones
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27
Q

ilium (pelvic girdle)

A
  • large, wing like bone

- supports abdominal muscles

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28
Q

ischium (pelvic girdle)

A
  • makes lower and back portion of hip

- fuses with ilium and pubis

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29
Q

pubic bones - (pelvic girdle)

A

joins together at the pubic symphysis

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30
Q

pectoral girdle - FUNCTION

A

supports upper extremities

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31
Q

pectoral girdle- STRUCTURES

A
  • scapula

- clavicle

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32
Q

scapula (pectoral girdle)

A
  • shoulder blade
  • attachment point for several muscles which allow flexible upper body movement and strength
  • attaches to axial skeleton only via clavicle
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33
Q

clavicle (pectoral girdle)

A

-collarbone
-attaches to sternum and scapula
provides anterior support for scapula

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34
Q

sternum

A
  • attaches to the clavicle
  • articulates with ribs by means of costal cartilage
  • structures:
    1. manubrium sterni
    2. corpus
    3. xiphoid
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35
Q

manubrium sterni (sternum structure)

A
  • uppermost segment of the sternum
  • contains jugular notch
  • articulates with clavicle and first rib and part of second rib
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36
Q

corpus ((sternum structure)

A
  • body

- articulates with 5 ribs

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37
Q

xiphoid ((sternum structure))

A
  • enisform process

- provides attachment to the linea alba (midline of abdomen)

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38
Q

Ribs- TYPES

A
  • true ribs
  • false ribs
  • floating or vertebral discs
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39
Q

true ribs - (rib types)

A
  • consistent of the upper ribs (1-7)
  • direct attachment to the sternum via a cartilaginous union
  • allows for expanding rib cage without breaking ribs
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40
Q

false ribs - (rib types)

A
  • ribs 8,9,10

- attached to the sternum via cartilage which runs superiorly

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41
Q

floating or vertebral ribs- (rib types)

A
  • ribs 11 and 12

- does not attach to sternum

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42
Q

ribs - STRUCTURES

A
  • head
  • neck
  • angle
  • shaft
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43
Q

head (rib structure)

A

provides the articulating surface with the spinal column

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44
Q

neck (rib structure)

A

portion right below the head of the rib

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45
Q

angle (rib structure)

A

the point at which the rib begins to curve forward

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46
Q

shaft (rib structure)

A

the body of the rib

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47
Q

trachea

A
  • flexible tube
  • composed of 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings on the anterior portion
  • lined with ciliated epithelial mucous membrane
  • mucous glands secrete mucous to moisten incoming air and move particles out of the trachea via its cilia
  • esophagus is posterior
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48
Q

trachealis muscle

A

located along posterior wall of trachea flexibility

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49
Q

carina trachea

A

point at which the trachea divides into bronchi

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50
Q

bronchi

A
  • mainstream bronchi
  • secondary bronchi
  • tertiary bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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51
Q

mainstream bronchi (bronchi tree)

A
  • right bronchus

- left bronchus

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52
Q

secondary bronchi (bronchi tree)

A

extend into the lobes of the lungs

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53
Q

tertiary bronchi (bronchi tree)

A

smaller passageways extending into the bronchioles

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54
Q

bronchioles (bronchi tree)

A

terminal bronchioles or terminal bronchioli

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55
Q

alveolar ducts (bronchi tree)

A

passageways into the alveoli

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56
Q

alveoli (bronchi tree)

A

depression in alveolar sacs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in a network of capillaries

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57
Q

lungs

A

-healthy lungs are soft, spongy, porous, elastic and pink

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58
Q

lungs - STRUCTURES

A
  • apex
  • right lung
  • left lung
  • mediastinum
  • mediastinal surface
  • costal surface
  • oblique fissues
  • transverse fissue
  • pleurae
59
Q

mediastinum (lung structure)

A
  • space that separates the 2 lungs

- heart, large vessels, esophagus, some nerves, & part of the branching bronchi

60
Q

right & left lung

A
  • RIGHT: 3 lobes

- LEFT: 2 lobes

61
Q

mediastinal surface

A

surface of each lung facing the mediastinum

62
Q

costal surface

A

convex surface of lung next to ribs

63
Q

oblique fissure

A
  • both lungs

- travel in superolateral direction

64
Q

transverse fissure

A

right lung only

65
Q

plurae

A

coverin for the lungs and interal organs

  • visceral pluerae
  • parietal pluerae
66
Q

visceral pleurae

A

covering lungs

67
Q

parietal pleurae

A
  • covering thoracic linings
  • mediastinal pleura (covers mediastinal)
  • diaphragmatic pleura (covers diaphragm)
  • costal pleurae ( covers inner surface of rib cage)
68
Q

pleural linkage

A
  • two layers of the pleurae adhere to each other & are air tight
  • allows expansion during breathing
  • mucous solution is released between the parietal and visceral pleurae
    1. reduces surface tension
    2. provides slipper surface between lungs and thoracic wall
    3. keeps sheets from clinging to each other
69
Q

muscles of inspiration

A
  • primary muscles of thorax
  • accessory muscles of thorax
  • accessory muscles of neck
  • muscles of the upper arm and shoulder
  • back muscles of inspiration
70
Q

diaphragm-ATTACHMENT

A

rib cage,xiphoid process, & vertebral column to the central tendon

71
Q

diaphragm - ACTION

A
  • pulls central tendon down and back during inspiration

- expands lungs in vertical direction

72
Q

diaphragm - STRUCTURES

A
  • central tendon
  • aortic hiatus
  • esophageal hiatus
  • foramen vena cava
73
Q

central tendon (diaphragm structure)

A
  • intermediate region of the diaphragm

- when contracted the muscle fibers shorten

74
Q

aortic hiatus (diaphragm structure)

A
  • passage for abdominal aorta

- supplies oxygenated blood to all of the abdominal and pelvic organs and the legs

75
Q

esophageal hiatus (diaphragm structure)

A

passage for esophagus and small arteries

76
Q

foramen vena cava (diaphragm structure)

A
  • passage for inferior vena cava

- large vein carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart

77
Q

anterior (accessory muscles of thorax)

A
  • external intercostals

- internal intercostals

78
Q

external intercostals (anterior accessory muscles of thorax)

A
  • attaches: lower surface of rib to the upper surface immediately below
  • action: elevates rib cage
79
Q

internal intercostals (anterior accessory muscles of thorax)

A
  • attaches: lower surface of rib to the upper surface immediately below
  • action: elevates rib cage
80
Q

posterior (Accessory muscles of thorax)

A
  • levators costarum

- serratus posterior superior

81
Q

levators costarum (posterior Accessory muscles of thorax)

A
  • brevis portion

- longus portion

82
Q

brevis portion (levator costarum)

A
  • attaches: cervical and thoracic vertebrae to the tubercle of the rib below
  • action: raises ribs
83
Q

longus portion (levator costarum)

A
  • attaches: lower thoracic vertebrae, bypass the rib below to insert into the next rib
  • action: raises ribs
84
Q

serratus posterior superior (posterior Accessory muscles of thorax)

A
  • Attaches: spinous processes of C7 and T1-T3 to rib 2-5

- action: elevates ribs 2-5

85
Q

Sternocleidomastoid (accessory muscles of the neck)

A
  • attaches: mastoid process of temporal bone to the sternal head and clavicle
  • action: elevates sternum and rib cage
86
Q

scalenus (accessory muscles of the neck

A
  • attaches:C2-C7 to ribs 1-2

- action: elevates ribs 1-2

87
Q

pectoralis major (muscles of the upper arm and shoulder)

A
  • attaches: sternum & clavicle to humerus

- action: elevates sternum & rib cage

88
Q

pectoralis minor (muscles of the upper arm and shoulder)

A
  • attaches: ribs 2-5 to the scapula

- action: with shoulder fixed elevated ribs 2-5

89
Q

serratus anterior (muscles of the upper arm and shoulder)

A
  • attaches: ribs 1-9 to the scapula

- action: elevate ribs 1-9

90
Q

levator scapulae (back muscles of inspiration)

A
  • attaches: C1-C4 to scapula

- action: elevates scapula and provides neck support

91
Q

rhomboideus major (back muscles of inspiration)

A
  • attaches:T2-T5 to scapula

- Action: stabilizes shoulder girdle

92
Q

rhomboideus minor (back muscles of inspiration)

A
  • attaches: C7-T1 to scapula

- Action: stabilizes shoulder girdle

93
Q

trapezius (back muscles of inspiration)

A
  • attaches: C2 to T12 to scapula and superior surface of clavicle
  • Action: elongation of the neck & head control
94
Q

anterior-lateral (muscles of thorax and back)

A
  • internal intercostal (interosseous portion)

- transversus thoracic

95
Q

internal intercostal (anterior-lateral mus of thorax&back)

A
  • attaches: superior surface of ribs to inferior surface of rib above
  • action: depresses ribs
96
Q

transversus thoracic (anterior-lateral mus of thorax&back)

A
  • attaches: sternum to ribs 2-6

- actions: depresses ribs

97
Q

posterior thoracic muscles (muscles of thorax and back)

A
  • subcostals

- serratus posterior inferior

98
Q

subcostals (posterior thoracic muscles)

A
  • sub means below, costal refers to ribs
  • attaches: inner surface of rib to inner surface of second or third rib below
  • depresses ribs
99
Q

serratus posterior inferior (posterior thoracic muscles)

A
  • attaches: T11- T12 and L1-L3 to ribs 8-12

- action: depresses ribs

100
Q

abdominal aponeurosis (abdominal muscles of expiration)

A
  • tendonous structure that provides an attachment point for many muscles of the abdomen
  • linea alba
101
Q

linea alba

A
  • white line that runs from xiphoid process the pubic symphysis
  • forms a midline structure for muscles attachment
102
Q

anterolateral (abdominal muscles of expiration)

A
  • transversus abdominis
  • internal oblique
  • external oblique
  • posterior
103
Q

transversus abdominis (anterolateral)

A
  • attaches: lower ribs, diaphragm and thoracic vertebrae to abdominus aponeurosis, down to the pubis
  • action: compress abdomen
104
Q

internal oblique (anterolateral)

A
  • attaches: iliac crest to the linea alba and cartilage of lower ribs
  • action: rotates trunk, compresses abdomen
105
Q

external oblique (anterolateral)

A
  • attaches: lower seven ribs to iliac crest and abdominal aponeurosis
  • action: rotates trunk and compresses abdomen
106
Q

rectus abdominis (anterolateral)

A
  • attaches: pubis to xiphoid process of sternum and cartilage of ribs 5-7
  • action: compresses abdomen
107
Q

posterior (abdominal muscles of expiration)

A

quadratus lumborum:

attaches: iliac crest to lumbar vertebrae and lower border of rib 12
- action: pulls last rib down and supports in abdominal compression

108
Q

latissimus dorsi (muscles of upper limb)

A
  • attaches: sacral lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae to humerus
  • action: compresses the lower portion of the rib cage wall
109
Q

boyles law

A

given a gas of constant temperature, increasing the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained will cause a corresponding decrease in pressure. Decreasing the volume of the chamber will cause an increase in pressure

110
Q

negative pressure

A

if you increase the volume, pressure will decrease

111
Q

positive pressure

A

if you decrease the volume, the pressure will increase

112
Q

inhalation

A

expansion of thoracic cavity increases the volume, which decreases the air pressure -air flow into the lungs

113
Q

quiet (passive) inspiration

A

mostly accomplished through diaphragm

114
Q

active (forced) inspiration

A

uses muscles of inspiration

115
Q

exhalation

A

compression of the thoracic cavity decreases the volume of the lungs which increases air pressure - air flow out of the lungs

116
Q

quiet (passive) expiration

A
  • system is restored to a resting position after inspiration
  • driven by forces of torque, elasticity and gravity
117
Q

active (forced) expiration

A
  • muscular effort enhances act of expiration
  • abdomen is compresses
  • muscles reduce size of thorax
118
Q

rate of breathing

A
  • measured in breaths per minute

- variables affecting rate

119
Q

variables affection rate

A 
age
activity level
muscles weakness/strength 
-spastic: excessive tone
-flaccid: too little tone
illness
120
Q

spirometer

A

-device used to measure lung volume and capacities

121
Q

volumes

A
  • amount of air inhaled or exhaled
  • tidal volume
  • inspiratory reserve volume
  • expiratory reserve volume
  • residual volume
122
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air exchanged during one cycle of respiration

123
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration

124
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be expired following passive tidal expiration

125
Q

residual volume

A

the volume of air in the lungs after maximum exhalation

126
Q

capacities

A

combined volumes that express physiological limits

  • vital capacity
  • total lung capacity
  • functional residual capactiy
  • inspiratory capacity
127
Q

vital capacity

A

the combination of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume,and tidal volume,representing the capacity of air available for speech

128
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of all the lung volumes

129
Q

functional residual capacity

A

air that remains in the body after passive exhalation

130
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

the maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration

131
Q

breathing for life

A
  • location of air intake: nose
  • ratio of tine for inhalation vs exhalation: Inhale 40% Exhale 60%
  • muscle activity for exhalation: passive (muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax)
  • chest wall position: abdomen is position outward relative to ribcage
132
Q

breathing for speech

A
  • location of air intake: mouth
  • ratio of time for inhalation vs exhalation: Inhale 10%, Exhale 90%
  • muscle activity for exhalation: active (thoracic and abdominal muscles contract to control recoil of ribcage and diaphragm)
  • chest wall position: abdominal is position inward relative rib cage
133
Q

Dyspnea (symptoms respiratory problems)

A
  • subjectively perceived discomfort in breathing that can vary mild to extreme
  • shortness of breath
  • the need to work harder to breathe
  • chest tightness
134
Q

Stridor (symptoms respiratory problems)

A

-audible sound that occurs during inspiration and/or expiration

135
Q

types of respiratory problems

A

obstructive
restrictive
central

136
Q

asthma (obstructive type )

A
  • swelling in bronchioles that decreases the diameter of the bronchial branches
  • increased resistance to airflow
137
Q

emphysema (obstructive type)

A
  • breakdown of lung in which the alveoli (small sacs) are destroyed
  • decreased oxygen exchange between the air and blood stream
  • causes decreased vital capacity
  • common cause is smoking
138
Q

diseases of the pleura: Pleurisy (restrictive type)

A
  • condition in which there is inflammation of the plural linings
  • causes extreme pain during breathing due to the loss of lubrication
139
Q

pneumonia (restrictive type)

A
  • inflammation of the lungs caused by a bacterial or viral infection
  • causes the alveoli to fill fluid
  • can be caused by aspiration of fluid or food into the lungs due to poor swallow function
140
Q

stroke (central type)

A
  • sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain
  • depending on location of the brain damage can cause decrease in muscular strength or coordination
  • may affect the control of the muscles of respiration
141
Q

sitting posture (posture support )

A
  • may cause some restraint of diaphragm movements
  • gravity pulls the abdominal viscera down
  • support inspiration and expiration
142
Q

supine position (posture support)

A
  • gravity pulls the abdominal viscera toward the spine
  • muscles of inspiration must elevate both abdomen and rib cage against gravity
  • increase effort required for inspiration and expiration
143
Q

how a person uses and control air flow is typically more important than lung capacity

A
  • improve coordination of respiration and phonation
  • important to measure the patients respiratory function both non-speech and speech tasks
  • treatment exercises should be practiced in speech contexts rather than in non-speech contexts

COMD 3100 (5 decks)

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