Lesson 2 Flashcards
respiration
exchange of gas between an organism and its environment
essential for voice production
inspiration
the process bringing air into the lungs
aka inhalation
expiration
process of eliminating air from the lungs
aka exhalation
vertebral column- FUNCTION
provides protection for the spinal cords
types of vertebrae
- 7 Cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 1 sacrum
- 1 coccyx
7 cervical (vertebrae)
-neck
C1-C7
atlas C1
Axis C2
atlas C1 (cervical)
supports the weight of the skull
very small spinous process
axis C2 (cervical)
fits into atlas and allows for rotation and pivoting of the skull
12 thoracic (vertebrae)
-behind ribcage
T1- T12
-larger spinous and transverse processes than cervical vertebrae
-superior and inferior costal facets are the attatchment points for ribs
5 lumbar (vertebrae)
- lower back
- L1 - L5
- largest and strongest vertebrae
- provide attachment points for back and abdominal muscles
1 sacrum (vertebrae)
- hips
- S1 - S5 fuse together to form sacrum
sacral foramina
provides a passageways for sacral nerves
1 coccyx (vertebrae)
- tailbone
- 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse together to form the coccyx
- articulated with sacrum by means of a small disc
structures of a vertebrae
- body
- pedicles
- neural arch
- vertebral foramen
- spinous process
- transverse process
- superior and inferior articular facets
- anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
body (structures of a vertebrae)
- corpus
- anterior large plate like portion
pedicles (structures of a vertebrae)
lateral sides of the body project posteriorly then join at midline
neural arch (structures of a vertebrae )
created where pedicles join at midline
vertebral foramen (structures of a vertebrae )
canal created when vertebrae are staked, passage of spinal cord
spinous process (structures of a vertebrae )
- extends dorsally and inferiorly from nueral arch
- attachment point for muscles and ligaments
transverse process (structures of a vertebrae )
- projects laterally on either side of the vertebrae
- attachment point for muscles and ligaments
superior and inferior articular facets (structures of a vertebrae )
allow vertebrae to stack on top of one another
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments (structures of a vertebrae )
- extend through the length of spinal column
- bind the bodies of the vertebrae together
intervertebral discs
- fibrocartilaginous discs found between vertebrae except for C1 & C2
- provides support and cushion for vertebrae
spinal curvature - NORMAL
- cervical curve : Concave
- thoracic curve: Convex
- lumbar curve : Concave
- sacral curve : Convex
pelvic girdle- FUNCTION
- supports lower extremities
- bears weight for legs
pelvic girdle- STRUCTURES
- illium
- ischium
- pubic bones
ilium (pelvic girdle)
- large, wing like bone
- supports abdominal muscles
ischium (pelvic girdle)
- makes lower and back portion of hip
- fuses with ilium and pubis
pubic bones - (pelvic girdle)
joins together at the pubic symphysis
pectoral girdle - FUNCTION
supports upper extremities
pectoral girdle- STRUCTURES
- scapula
- clavicle
scapula (pectoral girdle)
- shoulder blade
- attachment point for several muscles which allow flexible upper body movement and strength
- attaches to axial skeleton only via clavicle
clavicle (pectoral girdle)
-collarbone
-attaches to sternum and scapula
provides anterior support for scapula
sternum
- attaches to the clavicle
- articulates with ribs by means of costal cartilage
- structures:
1. manubrium sterni
2. corpus
3. xiphoid
manubrium sterni (sternum structure)
- uppermost segment of the sternum
- contains jugular notch
- articulates with clavicle and first rib and part of second rib
corpus ((sternum structure)
- body
- articulates with 5 ribs
xiphoid ((sternum structure))
- enisform process
- provides attachment to the linea alba (midline of abdomen)
Ribs- TYPES
- true ribs
- false ribs
- floating or vertebral discs
true ribs - (rib types)
- consistent of the upper ribs (1-7)
- direct attachment to the sternum via a cartilaginous union
- allows for expanding rib cage without breaking ribs
false ribs - (rib types)
- ribs 8,9,10
- attached to the sternum via cartilage which runs superiorly
floating or vertebral ribs- (rib types)
- ribs 11 and 12
- does not attach to sternum
ribs - STRUCTURES
- head
- neck
- angle
- shaft
head (rib structure)
provides the articulating surface with the spinal column
neck (rib structure)
portion right below the head of the rib
angle (rib structure)
the point at which the rib begins to curve forward
shaft (rib structure)
the body of the rib
trachea
- flexible tube
- composed of 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings on the anterior portion
- lined with ciliated epithelial mucous membrane
- mucous glands secrete mucous to moisten incoming air and move particles out of the trachea via its cilia
- esophagus is posterior
trachealis muscle
located along posterior wall of trachea flexibility
carina trachea
point at which the trachea divides into bronchi
bronchi
- mainstream bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
mainstream bronchi (bronchi tree)
- right bronchus
- left bronchus
secondary bronchi (bronchi tree)
extend into the lobes of the lungs
tertiary bronchi (bronchi tree)
smaller passageways extending into the bronchioles
bronchioles (bronchi tree)
terminal bronchioles or terminal bronchioli
alveolar ducts (bronchi tree)
passageways into the alveoli
alveoli (bronchi tree)
depression in alveolar sacs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in a network of capillaries
lungs
-healthy lungs are soft, spongy, porous, elastic and pink
lungs - STRUCTURES
- apex
- right lung
- left lung
- mediastinum
- mediastinal surface
- costal surface
- oblique fissues
- transverse fissue
- pleurae
mediastinum (lung structure)
- space that separates the 2 lungs
- heart, large vessels, esophagus, some nerves, & part of the branching bronchi
right & left lung
- RIGHT: 3 lobes
- LEFT: 2 lobes
mediastinal surface
surface of each lung facing the mediastinum
costal surface
convex surface of lung next to ribs
oblique fissure
- both lungs
- travel in superolateral direction
transverse fissure
right lung only
plurae
coverin for the lungs and interal organs
- visceral pluerae
- parietal pluerae
visceral pleurae
covering lungs
parietal pleurae
- covering thoracic linings
- mediastinal pleura (covers mediastinal)
- diaphragmatic pleura (covers diaphragm)
- costal pleurae ( covers inner surface of rib cage)
pleural linkage
- two layers of the pleurae adhere to each other & are air tight
- allows expansion during breathing
- mucous solution is released between the parietal and visceral pleurae
1. reduces surface tension
2. provides slipper surface between lungs and thoracic wall
3. keeps sheets from clinging to each other
muscles of inspiration
- primary muscles of thorax
- accessory muscles of thorax
- accessory muscles of neck
- muscles of the upper arm and shoulder
- back muscles of inspiration
diaphragm-ATTACHMENT
rib cage,xiphoid process, & vertebral column to the central tendon
diaphragm - ACTION
- pulls central tendon down and back during inspiration
- expands lungs in vertical direction
diaphragm - STRUCTURES
- central tendon
- aortic hiatus
- esophageal hiatus
- foramen vena cava
central tendon (diaphragm structure)
- intermediate region of the diaphragm
- when contracted the muscle fibers shorten
aortic hiatus (diaphragm structure)
- passage for abdominal aorta
- supplies oxygenated blood to all of the abdominal and pelvic organs and the legs
esophageal hiatus (diaphragm structure)
passage for esophagus and small arteries
foramen vena cava (diaphragm structure)
- passage for inferior vena cava
- large vein carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart
anterior (accessory muscles of thorax)
- external intercostals
- internal intercostals
external intercostals (anterior accessory muscles of thorax)
- attaches: lower surface of rib to the upper surface immediately below
- action: elevates rib cage
internal intercostals (anterior accessory muscles of thorax)
- attaches: lower surface of rib to the upper surface immediately below
- action: elevates rib cage
posterior (Accessory muscles of thorax)
- levators costarum
- serratus posterior superior
levators costarum (posterior Accessory muscles of thorax)
- brevis portion
- longus portion
brevis portion (levator costarum)
- attaches: cervical and thoracic vertebrae to the tubercle of the rib below
- action: raises ribs
longus portion (levator costarum)
- attaches: lower thoracic vertebrae, bypass the rib below to insert into the next rib
- action: raises ribs
serratus posterior superior (posterior Accessory muscles of thorax)
- Attaches: spinous processes of C7 and T1-T3 to rib 2-5
- action: elevates ribs 2-5
Sternocleidomastoid (accessory muscles of the neck)
- attaches: mastoid process of temporal bone to the sternal head and clavicle
- action: elevates sternum and rib cage
scalenus (accessory muscles of the neck
- attaches:C2-C7 to ribs 1-2
- action: elevates ribs 1-2
pectoralis major (muscles of the upper arm and shoulder)
- attaches: sternum & clavicle to humerus
- action: elevates sternum & rib cage
pectoralis minor (muscles of the upper arm and shoulder)
- attaches: ribs 2-5 to the scapula
- action: with shoulder fixed elevated ribs 2-5
serratus anterior (muscles of the upper arm and shoulder)
- attaches: ribs 1-9 to the scapula
- action: elevate ribs 1-9
levator scapulae (back muscles of inspiration)
- attaches: C1-C4 to scapula
- action: elevates scapula and provides neck support
rhomboideus major (back muscles of inspiration)
- attaches:T2-T5 to scapula
- Action: stabilizes shoulder girdle
rhomboideus minor (back muscles of inspiration)
- attaches: C7-T1 to scapula
- Action: stabilizes shoulder girdle
trapezius (back muscles of inspiration)
- attaches: C2 to T12 to scapula and superior surface of clavicle
- Action: elongation of the neck & head control
anterior-lateral (muscles of thorax and back)
- internal intercostal (interosseous portion)
- transversus thoracic
internal intercostal (anterior-lateral mus of thorax&back)
- attaches: superior surface of ribs to inferior surface of rib above
- action: depresses ribs
transversus thoracic (anterior-lateral mus of thorax&back)
- attaches: sternum to ribs 2-6
- actions: depresses ribs
posterior thoracic muscles (muscles of thorax and back)
- subcostals
- serratus posterior inferior
subcostals (posterior thoracic muscles)
- sub means below, costal refers to ribs
- attaches: inner surface of rib to inner surface of second or third rib below
- depresses ribs
serratus posterior inferior (posterior thoracic muscles)
- attaches: T11- T12 and L1-L3 to ribs 8-12
- action: depresses ribs
abdominal aponeurosis (abdominal muscles of expiration)
- tendonous structure that provides an attachment point for many muscles of the abdomen
- linea alba
linea alba
- white line that runs from xiphoid process the pubic symphysis
- forms a midline structure for muscles attachment
anterolateral (abdominal muscles of expiration)
- transversus abdominis
- internal oblique
- external oblique
- posterior
transversus abdominis (anterolateral)
- attaches: lower ribs, diaphragm and thoracic vertebrae to abdominus aponeurosis, down to the pubis
- action: compress abdomen
internal oblique (anterolateral)
- attaches: iliac crest to the linea alba and cartilage of lower ribs
- action: rotates trunk, compresses abdomen
external oblique (anterolateral)
- attaches: lower seven ribs to iliac crest and abdominal aponeurosis
- action: rotates trunk and compresses abdomen
rectus abdominis (anterolateral)
- attaches: pubis to xiphoid process of sternum and cartilage of ribs 5-7
- action: compresses abdomen
posterior (abdominal muscles of expiration)
quadratus lumborum:
attaches: iliac crest to lumbar vertebrae and lower border of rib 12
- action: pulls last rib down and supports in abdominal compression
latissimus dorsi (muscles of upper limb)
- attaches: sacral lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae to humerus
- action: compresses the lower portion of the rib cage wall
boyles law
given a gas of constant temperature, increasing the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained will cause a corresponding decrease in pressure. Decreasing the volume of the chamber will cause an increase in pressure
negative pressure
if you increase the volume, pressure will decrease
positive pressure
if you decrease the volume, the pressure will increase
inhalation
expansion of thoracic cavity increases the volume, which decreases the air pressure -air flow into the lungs
quiet (passive) inspiration
mostly accomplished through diaphragm
active (forced) inspiration
uses muscles of inspiration
exhalation
compression of the thoracic cavity decreases the volume of the lungs which increases air pressure - air flow out of the lungs
quiet (passive) expiration
- system is restored to a resting position after inspiration
- driven by forces of torque, elasticity and gravity
active (forced) expiration
- muscular effort enhances act of expiration
- abdomen is compresses
- muscles reduce size of thorax
rate of breathing
- measured in breaths per minute
- variables affecting rate
variables affection rate
age activity level muscles weakness/strength -spastic: excessive tone -flaccid: too little tone illness
spirometer
-device used to measure lung volume and capacities
volumes
- amount of air inhaled or exhaled
- tidal volume
- inspiratory reserve volume
- expiratory reserve volume
- residual volume
tidal volume
volume of air exchanged during one cycle of respiration
inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be expired following passive tidal expiration
residual volume
the volume of air in the lungs after maximum exhalation
capacities
combined volumes that express physiological limits
- vital capacity
- total lung capacity
- functional residual capactiy
- inspiratory capacity
vital capacity
the combination of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume,and tidal volume,representing the capacity of air available for speech
total lung capacity
sum of all the lung volumes
functional residual capacity
air that remains in the body after passive exhalation
inspiratory capacity
the maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
breathing for life
- location of air intake: nose
- ratio of tine for inhalation vs exhalation: Inhale 40% Exhale 60%
- muscle activity for exhalation: passive (muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax)
- chest wall position: abdomen is position outward relative to ribcage
breathing for speech
- location of air intake: mouth
- ratio of time for inhalation vs exhalation: Inhale 10%, Exhale 90%
- muscle activity for exhalation: active (thoracic and abdominal muscles contract to control recoil of ribcage and diaphragm)
- chest wall position: abdominal is position inward relative rib cage
Dyspnea (symptoms respiratory problems)
- subjectively perceived discomfort in breathing that can vary mild to extreme
- shortness of breath
- the need to work harder to breathe
- chest tightness
Stridor (symptoms respiratory problems)
-audible sound that occurs during inspiration and/or expiration
types of respiratory problems
obstructive
restrictive
central
asthma (obstructive type )
- swelling in bronchioles that decreases the diameter of the bronchial branches
- increased resistance to airflow
emphysema (obstructive type)
- breakdown of lung in which the alveoli (small sacs) are destroyed
- decreased oxygen exchange between the air and blood stream
- causes decreased vital capacity
- common cause is smoking
diseases of the pleura: Pleurisy (restrictive type)
- condition in which there is inflammation of the plural linings
- causes extreme pain during breathing due to the loss of lubrication
pneumonia (restrictive type)
- inflammation of the lungs caused by a bacterial or viral infection
- causes the alveoli to fill fluid
- can be caused by aspiration of fluid or food into the lungs due to poor swallow function
stroke (central type)
- sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain
- depending on location of the brain damage can cause decrease in muscular strength or coordination
- may affect the control of the muscles of respiration
sitting posture (posture support )
- may cause some restraint of diaphragm movements
- gravity pulls the abdominal viscera down
- support inspiration and expiration
supine position (posture support)
- gravity pulls the abdominal viscera toward the spine
- muscles of inspiration must elevate both abdomen and rib cage against gravity
- increase effort required for inspiration and expiration
how a person uses and control air flow is typically more important than lung capacity
- improve coordination of respiration and phonation
- important to measure the patients respiratory function both non-speech and speech tasks
- treatment exercises should be practiced in speech contexts rather than in non-speech contexts
