Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

COMD 3100 > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Phonation

A
  • a product of vibrating vocal folds

- AKA voicing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hyoid bone

A
  • location: level of 3rd cervical vertibrae
  • STRUCTURES:
    1. body
    2. greater corni
    3. lesser cornu
  • very mobile
  • doesnt connect to any other bone in body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

greater cornu

A

articulates with the superior horns (cornu) of thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lesser cornu

A

cone shape

rise superiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

larynx - FUNCTION

A
  • protects lower passageway from foreign materials
  • can be used to hold air in lungs
  • generates sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the laryngeal cartilages?

A
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • arytenoid cartilage
  • corniculate cartilages
  • cuneiform cartilage
  • epiglottic cartilage

TACCCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

thyroid cartilage

laryngeal cartilage

A
  • largest laryngeal cartilage
  • articulates inferiorly with cricoid cartilage
  • STRUCTURES:
    1. thyroid laminae
    2. thyroid angle
    3. thyroid notch
    4. thyroid prominance
    5. cornu
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
thyroid laminae 
(thyroid cartilage structure)
A

aka quadrilateral plates (square shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
thyroid angle 
(thyroid cartilage structure)
A

point at which the 2 thyroid laminae come together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
thyroid notch 
(thyroid cartilage structure)
A

superior point of thyroid angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q 
thyroid prominence 
(thyroid cartilage structure)
A

adams apple (sticks out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cornu

thyroid cartilage structure

A
  • located on the posterior portion of thyroid
  • 2 sets:
    1. superior- points towards hyoid bone
    2. inferior- rest on cricoid cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cricoid cartilage

laryngeal cartilage

A
  • most inferior cartilage of larynx
  • unpaired, ring shaped
  • STRUCTURES
    1. arch
    2. posterior quadrate lamina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

arch

cricoid cartilage structure

A
  • low narrow portion front

- provides clearance for the vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

posterior quadrate lamina

cricoid cartilage structure

A
  • wide and thick portion back

- provides point of articulation for arytenoid cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

arytenoid cartilages

laryngeal cartilage

A
  • location: superior surface of cricoid cartilage
  • allows for rocking gliding and rotating (important for onset and offset voicing)
  • STRUCTURES: pyramidal shape
    1. base
    2. apex
    3. vocal process
    4. muscular process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

vocal process

arytenoid cartilage

A
  • projects anteriorly toward the thyroid notch

- location of vocal fold attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

muscular process

arytenoid cartilage

A
  • projects laterally on arytenoid

- point where muscles adduct and abduct vocal folds (open close vocal folds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

corniculate cartilage

laryngeal cartilage

A
  • small horn shaped, extension of arytenoids

- supports aryepiglottic fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cuneiform cartilages

laryngeal cartilage

A
  • small cartilages embedded within the aryepiglottic fold
  • anterior to corniculate cartilages
  • provide support for laryngeal covering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

epiglottic cartilage [epiglottis]

laryngeal cartilage

A
  • leaf like structure
  • stem arises from inner surface of thyroid angle,below notch
  • attaches by means of thyroepiglottic ligament
  • protects airway by deflecting food and liquids from being swallowed
  • epiglottis attaches to hyoid bone via epiglottic lig
  • surface of epiglottis is covered w/ mucous membrane lining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the laryngeal joints?

A
  1. cricothyroid joint

2. cricoarytenoid joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q 
cricothyroid joint 
(laryngeal joint)
A
  • synovial (diarthrodial) joint that allows thryoid to tilt downard.
  • stretches and tenses vocal folds
  • joint provides major adjustments for chagne in vocal pitch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q 
cricoarytenoid joint 
(laryngeal joint)
A
  • saddle joint
  • concave portion of arytenoids articulates with convex portion of cricoid lamina
  • synovial joint allows for rocking, gliding, and minimal rotation
  • involved in adduction and abduction of vocal folds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

EXTRINSIC laryngeal membranes and ligaments

A
  • group of ligaments and membranes that connect the cartilages of larynx to each other and to the hyoid bone and trachea
  • structures:
    1. thyroid membrane
    2. hyoepiglottic ligament
    3. thyroepiglottic ligament
    4. cricotracheal membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

thyroid membrane

extrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments

A
  • hyothyroid

- connects hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

hyoepiglottic ligament

extrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments

A

connects epiglottis to the hyoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

thyroepiglottic ligament

extrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments

A

connects epiglottis to thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cricotracheal membrane

extrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments

A

connects cricoid cartilage to the first tracheal ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

INTRINSIC laryngeal membranes and ligaments

A
  • continuous sheet of connective tissue *elastic membrane
  • quadrangular membranes (upper portion)
  • conus elasticus (lower portion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

aryepiglottic folds

quadrangular membrane

A
  • completley seal off spaces in laryngeal structures
  • directs the airstream into the aditus and upward into the resonatory passagways
  • first line of defense against foreign objects
  • closes during swallowing and vomiting/ prevents food/liquid from entering respiratory tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ventricular folds

quadrangular membrane

A
  • aka false vocal folds
  • pink and plump
  • found between laryngeal vestibule & laryngeal ventricle
  • when ventricular folds contract, they meet at midline, closing or sealing off airway
  • close during swallowing, during effortful activites such as lifting heavy objects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q 
conus elasticus 
(intrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments)
A
  • lower portion
  • vocal folds
  • cricothyroid ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

vocal folds

conus elasticus

A
  • white cus of lack of vascular supply

- third line of defense in keeping foreign objects out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

cricothyroid ligament

conus elasticus

A

connects cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the cavities and spaces of the larynx ? (6)

A
  1. laryngeal vestibule
  2. laryngeal ventricle
  3. inferior laryngeal ventricle
  4. valleculae
  5. pyriform sinus
  6. glottis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

laryngeal vestibule

cavities and spaces of the larynx

A
  • area in larynx above ventricular folds

- opening in called aditus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

laryngeal ventricle

cavities and spaces of the larynx

A

space between vocal folds and ventricular folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

inferior laryngeal ventricle

cavities and spaces of the larynx

A
  • portion below the true folds

- extend through to the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

valleculae

cavities and spaces of the larynx

A
  • area between tongue root and epiglottis

- impaired swallow can cause food/liquid to pool in valleculae which increases risk for aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

pyriform sinus

cavities and spaces of the larynx

A
  • between lateral wall of thyroid cartilage & aryepiglotic folds
  • impaired swallow can cause food/liquid to pool in pyriform sinus which increases risk for aspiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

glottis

cavities and spaces of the larynx

A
  • opening between vocal folds
  • triangular shape during quiet respiration
  • anterior commissure: anterior most region of glottis
  • posterior commissure: posterior most region of glottis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are layers of the vocal folds

A
  1. cover
  2. transition/vocal ligament
  3. body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

cover

layers of the vocal folds

A
  • epithelium

- superficial lamina propria (aka reinke’s space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

epithelium

cover layer of vocal fold

A
  • mucosal covering of stratified squamous cells

- needs a thin layer of mucous lubrication for best oscillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

superficial lamina propria

cover layer of vocal fold

A
  • extracellular gelatin matrix

- helps cushion the vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

transition/ voice ligament

layer of vocal fold

A
  • intermediate lamina propria

- deep lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

intermediate lamina propria

transition/ voice ligament layer of vocal fold

A
  • compose of elastic fibers

- part of vocal ligament

49
Q

deep lamina propria

transition/ voice ligament layer of vocal fold

A
  • collagen fibers
  • supportive
  • part of vocal ligament
50
Q

body

layer of vocal fold

A

vocalis muscle (thyroidarytenoid)

  • thyrovocalis + thyromuscularis
  • provides tone, stability & mass
51
Q

laryngeal musculature - FUNCTION

A
  • regulate valve openings and closings
    1. epiglottic valve
    2. ventricular fold valve
    3. vocal fold valve
  • provide movement of laryngeal cartilage for speech
52
Q

INTRINSIC MUSCLES (laryngeal musculature)

A
  • have both origin and insertion w/in larynx
  • make fine adjustments
    1. ADDUCTOR
    2. ABDUCTOR
    3. TENSORS
    4. RELAXER
53
Q

Adductor

intrinsic muscles-laryngeal

A
  • bring together
  • lateral cricoarytenoid
  • transverse arytenoid
  • oblique arytenoid
54
Q 
lateral cricoarytenoid
(adductor intrinsic muscle)
A
  • attaches: lateral surface of cricoid to arytenoid muscular process
  • action: adducts vocal folds
55
Q 
transverse arytenoid 
(adductor intrinsic muscle)
A
  • only unpaired intrinsic muscle
  • attaches: arytenoid to arytenoid
  • action: adducts vocal folds
56
Q 
oblique arytenoid 
(adductor intrinsic muscle)
A
  • attaches: base of one arytenoid upward and across to apex of the other forming an X
  • action: adducts vocal folds (how tightly VF are pressed against each other) rocks arytenoid and VF down and inward
57
Q

abductor

intrinsic muscle- laryngeal

A
  • pull apart

- posterior cricoarytenoid

58
Q 
posterior cricoarytenoid 
(abductor intrinsic muscle)
A
  • attaches: posterior wall of cricoid cartilage to arytenoid
  • action: abducts vocal folds
59
Q

tensors

intrinsic muscle- laryngeal

A
  • tighten muscles
  • cricothyroid
  • thyrovocalis
60
Q

cricothyroid

tensor intrinsic muscle

A
  • primary tensor of vocal folds
  • responsible for laryngeal adjustments associated with pitch change
  • PARS RECTA
  • PARS OBLIQUE
61
Q

pars recta

cricothyroid tensor

A

attaches: cricoid to inferior border of the thyroid lamina
action: rotates thyroid cartilage downward

62
Q

pars oblique

cricothyroid tensor

A

attaches: cricoid to inferior cornu of the thyroid
action: rotates thyroid cartilage downward, stretch vocal folds

63
Q

thyrovocalis

tensor intrinsic muscle

A
  • part of thyroarytenoid
  • body of vocal folds
  • attaches: anterior commissue of thyroid to vocalprocess
  • action:tenses vocal folds
64
Q

relaxer

intrinsic muscle- laryngeal

A
  • relax muscles

- thyromuscularis

65
Q

thyromuscularis

relaxer tensor

A
  • part of thyroarytenoid
  • body of vocal folds
  • attachments: anterior commissure of thyroid to muscular process
  • action:shorten and relax vocal folds
66
Q

EXTRINSIC MUSCLES (laryngeal musculature)

A
  • one attachment to the larynxx and other attachment on a structure outside the larynx
  • forms network that surrounds the larynx & anchors it in portion withing the neck
  • makes major adjustments to larynx
  • elevating
  • depressing
  • hyoid and laryngeal elevators
  • hyoid and laryngeal depressors
67
Q

what are the hyoid and laryngeal elevators?

extrinsic muscles

A
  • diagastricus
  • stylohyoid musle
  • mylohyoid muscle
  • geniohyoid muscle
  • genioglossus muscle
  • hyoglossus muscle
68
Q

ANTERIOR Digastricus

hyoid and laryngeal elevators

A

attaches: mandible to hyoid
function: elevates hyoid anteriorly

69
Q

POSTERIOR Digastricus

hyoid and laryngeal elevators

A

attaches: mastoid process of temporal bone to hyoid
function: elevates hyoid posteriorly

70
Q

stylohyoid muscle

hyoid and laryngeal elevators

A

attaches: styloid process of temporal bone to hyoid
action: elevates hyoid posteriorly

71
Q

mylohyoid muscle

hyoid and laryngeal elevators

A
  • makes up floor of oral cavity
  • attaches: mandible to hyoid
  • action: elevates hyoid anteriorly
72
Q

geniohyoid muscle

hyoid and laryngeal elevators

A
  • attaches: mandible to hyoid

- action: elevates hyoid anteriorly

73
Q

hyoglossus muscle

hyoid and laryngeal elevators

A

attaches: sides of tongue to hyoid
action: elevates hyoid and depresses tongue

74
Q

what are the hyoid and laryngeal depressors?

extrinsic muscles

A
  1. sternohyoid muscle
  2. omohyoid muscle
  3. sternothyroid muscle
  4. thyrohyoid muscle
75
Q

sternohyoid muscle

hyoid and laryngeal depressors

A

attaches: sternum to hyoid
action: depresses hyoid

76
Q

omohyoid muscle

hyoid and laryngeal depressors

A

attaches: scapula to hyoid
action: depresses hyoid

77
Q

sternothyroid muscle

hyoid and laryngeal depressors

A
  • assist on producing high & low pitch
  • helps make fine adjustments to vocal folds
  • attaches: sternum to thyroid
  • action depresses thyroid cartilage
78
Q

thyrohyoid muscle

hyoid and laryngeal depressors

A

attaches: thyroid to hyoid
action: depresses hyoid or elevates larynx

79
Q

vocal fold vibration

A

-vibration of vocal folds is NOTTTTT the product if repeated adduction and abduction of the vocal folds
-Myoelastic- Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation
(myo= muscle)

80
Q

myoelastic

Myoelastic- Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation

A

elasticity
stiffness
inertia

81
Q

elasticity

myoelastic

A
  • returns to original shape after being displaced
  • VF are muscles covered by delicate membranes
  • this soft tissue allows them to move when sufficient force is exerted
82
Q

stiffness

myoelastic

A

-strength of material that restores it to original shape

83
Q

inertia

myoelastic

A

-a body in motion tends to stay in motion

84
Q

bernoulli’s principle (aerodynamic)

A
  • there will be an increase in velocity of airflow at a point of constriction
  • & a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow
85
Q

What are the Laryngeal functions?

A
  1. attack
  2. sustain phonation
  3. termination
86
Q

attack

laryngeal function

A

adduct vocal folds to initiate phonation

87
Q 
sustain phonation 
(laryngeal function)
A

maintain laryngeal posture, ongoing airflow maintains the vibration

88
Q

termination

laryngeal function

A

abduct vocal folds to stop phonation

89
Q

frequency

A
  • rate of vibration of an object

- measured in cycles per second

90
Q

pitch

A
  • perception of sounds frequency
  • vibration rate related to vocal fold
    1. thickness (mass),
    2. length
    3. elasticity
  • higher /lower pitch
91
Q

higher pitch

A
  • faster the vibration (higher the frequency) the higher the sounds will be perceived
  • contraction of cricothyroid muscles lengthens vocal folds and thins medial edge
92
Q

lower pitch

A
  • slower the vibration (the lower the frequency) the lower the sound will be perceived
  • contraction of thyromascularis
    1. brings thyroid cartilage & arytenoids closer together
    2. shortens vocal fold length making them more massive & less tense
93
Q

amplitude

A

amount of displacement of an object from its rest position

94
Q

loudness

A
  • perception of sounds amplitude

- increase loudness

95
Q

increase loudness

A
  • the greater the amplitude the louder is the sound that is heard and vice versa
  • increase medial compression of Vocal Folds
    1. VF press together more tightly
    2. VF press together for a more longer period of time
96
Q

what are normal voice qualities?

A
  1. maximum frequency range
  2. minimum-maximum amplitude
  3. maximum phonation time
  4. minimal additive noise
97
Q

maximum frequency range

normal voice quality

A

-voice is flexible in pitch during conversation

98
Q

minimum-maximum amplitude

normal voice quality

A

-voice is able to vary loudness

99
Q

maximum phonation time

normal voice quality

A
  • measured by the longest period of time that an individual can sustain a vowel on one breath
  • > adults:15-25 seconds
  • > children:at least 10
  • coordinated air flow w/vocal fold adduction
100
Q

minimal additive noise

normal voice quality

A

minimal breathiness or roughness

101
Q

what are abnormal voice qualities?

A
  1. dysphonia
  2. breathiness
  3. rough/hoarse voice
102
Q

dysphonia

abnormal voice quality

A

generic term for any voice that sounds deviant in terms of quality,pitch & loudness

103
Q

breathiness

abnormal voice quality

A
  • vocal folds dont close completely during each vibratory cycle
  • air leakage at the glottis creates a friction noise
  • breathy noise is measured at the higher frequencies
104
Q

rough/hoarse voice

A
  • excessive vocal fold closure during phonation
  • vocal folds vibrate in a less periodic cycle
  • rough/hoarse noise is measured at lower frequencies
105
Q

what are the vocal fold disorders?

A
  1. laryngitis
  2. vocal nodules
  3. vocal polyps
  4. vocal fold paralysis
106
Q

laryngitis

vocal fold disorder

A
  • inflammation of vocal folds

- caused by excessive use of the voice, infections, inhaled irritants or reflux

107
Q

vocal nodules

vocal fold disorder

A
  • noncancercous growths on vocal cords

- most often caused by vocal abuse

108
Q

vocal polyps

vocal fold disorder

A

soft noncancerous growth, similar to a blister

109
Q

vocal fold paralysis

vocal fold disorder

A
  • one or both vocal fold doesn’t open or close
  • caused by:
  • > injury
  • > problem in surgery
  • > stroke
  • > cancer
  • > neurological disorder
110
Q

what are the facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds?

A
  1. whisper
  2. yawning
  3. coughing
  4. throat clearing
  5. laughing
  6. crying
111
Q

relaxed whisper

facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds

A
  • less stressful to vocal folds

- more open and softer

112
Q

forced whisper

facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds

A
  • strong, funneled air stream
  • stiffened folds
  • turbulence just about glottis
113
Q

yawning

facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds

A

facilitates relaxation of vocal tract musculature

114
Q

coughing

facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds

A
  • airway protection
  • encourage adduction of vocal folds
  • prolonged cough abusive to vocal folds
115
Q

throat clearing

facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds

A
  • can help remove irritants
  • entire larynx goes into stressful movements
  • > encourage very soft and breathy clearing
  • > loud or frequent- abusive to vocal folds
116
Q

laughing

facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds

A
  • laryngeal musculature are reflexively relaxed
  • can help generate efficient vocal physiology in voice therapy
  • can cause excessive laryngeal pressure and stress if done too loudly or excessively
117
Q

open- relaxed cry

facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds

A

enriched resonane between the vocal folds and the supraglottic resonating spaces

118
Q

tight- loud or excessive crying

facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds

A

laryngeal and supraglottic musculature are tensed

COMD 3100 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions