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COMD 3100 > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

articulation (speech definition)

A

process of bringing mobile and immobile articulators into contact to shape the sounds of speech

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2
Q

articulation (anatomy definition)

A

to connect or join together

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3
Q

resonation

A

the sound quality given to voiced sounds by the vocal tract

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4
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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5
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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6
Q

vocal tract

A

pharynx
nasal cavity
oral cavity

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7
Q

what are the articulators

A

mobile articulators

immobile articulators

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8
Q

mobile articulator

A
  1. lips
  2. tongue
  3. mandible
  4. soft palate (velum)
  5. pharynx
  6. cheeks
  7. fauces
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9
Q

immobile articulators

A
  • alveolar ridge of maxillae
  • hard palate (palatine processes of the maxilla and horizontal plates of the palatine bones)
  • teeth
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10
Q

What are the bones of the face?

A
  1. mandible
  2. maxillae
  3. palatine bones
  4. nasal bones
  5. inferior nasal conchae
  6. vomer
  7. zygomatic
  8. lacrimal bones
  9. hyoid
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11
Q

mandible (face bone)

A
  • condylar process
  • coronoid process
  • mandibular foramen
  • corpus
  • angle
  • ramus
  • alveolar part
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12
Q

condylar process (mandible)

A

articulates with temporal bone forming the temporomandibular joint
-TMJ:chronic inflammation of the temporomandibular joint

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13
Q

coronoid process (mandible)

A

point of attachment for temporalis muscle

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14
Q

mandibular foramen (mandible)

A

allows passage of inferior alveolar nerve

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15
Q

alveolar part (mandibular)

A
  • ridge

- houses the teeth in dental alveoli (sacs)

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16
Q

maxillae (face bone)

A
  • frontal process
  • zygomatic process
  • palatine process
  • alveolar process
  • premaxilla
  • incisive foramen
  • transverse palatine suture
  • intermaxillary suture
  • premaxillary suture
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17
Q

frontal process (maxillae)

A

articulates with frontal bone

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18
Q

zygomatic process (maxillae)

A

articulates with the zygomatic bone

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19
Q

palatine process (maxillae)

A
  • forms the floor of the nasal cavity and the anterior 3/4 of the hard palate (roof of mouth)
  • articulates with the palatine bones
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20
Q

alveolar process (maxillae)

A

houses teeth

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21
Q

premaxilla (maxillae)

A

anterior section of the maxillae

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22
Q

incisive foramen (maxillae)

A

-marks the connection of the premaxilla and both palatine processes

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23
Q

transverse palatine suture (maxillae)

A

-between palatine processes of the maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones

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24
Q

intermaxillary suture (maxillae)

A

between palatine processes

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25
Q

premaxillary suture (maxillae)

A

between palatine processes and premaxilla

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26
Q

palatine bones (face bone)

A
  • horizontal plates

- makes up posterior 1/4 hard palate

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27
Q

Nasal bones (face bones)

A

small bones that form the bridge of the nose

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28
Q

inferior nasal conchae (face bone)

A
  • small scroll like bones located on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
  • increases the surface area for warming and humidifying air
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29
Q

vomer (face bone)

A

-contributes to the formation of the nasal septum along with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and septal cartilage

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30
Q

zygomatic (face bone)

A
  • frontal process
  • temporal process
  • maxillary process
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31
Q

frontal process (zygomatic)

A

articulates with the frontal bone

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32
Q

temporal process (zygomatic)

A

articulates with the temporal bone

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33
Q

maxillary process (zygomatic)

A

articulates with the maxilla

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34
Q

lacrimal bones (face bone)

A
  • smallest facial bones

- contribute to the formation of the medial wall of the orbital cavity

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35
Q

what are the bones of the cranial skeleton?

A
  1. ethmoid
  2. sphenoid
  3. frontal
  4. parietal
  5. occipital
  6. temporal
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36
Q

ethmoid (cranial skeleton)

A
  • crista galli
  • cribriform plate
  • superior nasal concha
  • middle nasal concha
  • perpendicular plate
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37
Q

crista galli (ethmoid)

A

extends superiorly into the cranial space

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38
Q

cribriform plate (ethmoid)

A

separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavities and allows passage of olfactory nerves

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39
Q

superior nasal concha (ethmoid)

A

increases surface area to warm and humidify incoming air

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40
Q

middle nasal concha (ethmoid)

A

increases surface area to warm and humidify incoming air

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41
Q

perpendicular plate (ethmoid)

A

contributes to the structure of the nasal septum

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42
Q

sphenoid (cranial skeleton)

A
  • great wings
  • lesser wings
  • hypophyseal fossa
  • lateral pterygoid plates
  • medial pterygoid plates
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43
Q

hypophyseal fossa (sphenoid)

A
  • sella tursica

- houses the pituitary gland

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44
Q

lateral pterygoid plates (sphenoid)

A

-point of attachment for muscles of mastication

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45
Q

medial pterygoid plates (sphenoid)

A

-point of attachment for muscles of mastication

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46
Q

frontal (cranial skeleton)

A
  • supraorbital margin

- zygomatic process

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47
Q

supraorbital margin (frontal)

A

contributes to the orbital cavity

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48
Q

zygomatic process (Frontal)

A

articulates with the zygomatic bone

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49
Q

parietal (cranial skeleton)

A
  • coronal suture
  • squamosal suture
  • sagittal suture
  • lambdoidal suture
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50
Q

coronal suture (parietal)

A

between frontal bone and parietal bones

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51
Q

squamosal suture (parietal)

A

between temporal and parietal bones

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52
Q

sagittal suture (parietal)

A

between both parietal bones

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53
Q

lambdoidal suture (parietal)

A

between occipital and parietal bones

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54
Q

craniosynostosis

A
  • sutures of skull become ossified prematurely
  • can affect one or more of the sutures
  • may or may not be associated with other genetic syndromes
  • can affect brain development/learning
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55
Q

occipital (cranial skeleton)

A
  • foramen magnum

- condyles

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56
Q

foramen magnum (occipital)

A

allows passage of the spinal cord to the brainstem

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57
Q

condyles (occipital)

A

resting point for the first cervical vertebra

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58
Q

temporal (cranial skeleton)

A
  • external auditory meatus
  • zygomatic process
  • mandibular fossa
  • styloid process
  • mastoid process
  • petrous part
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59
Q

external auditory meatus (temporal)

A

ear canal

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60
Q

zygomatic process (temporal)

A

articulates with the temporal process of zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch

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61
Q

mandibular fossa (temporal)

A

articulates with condyle to form the temporomandibular joint

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62
Q

styloid process (temporal)

A

point of attachment for various muscles

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63
Q

mastoid process (temporal)

A

point of attachment for various muscles of neck

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64
Q

petrous part

A

houses the organs of hearing (cochlea) & equilibrium (semicircular canals)

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65
Q

types of teeth

A
  • permanent dental arch
  • central incisor
  • lateral incisor
  • cuspids (canine)
  • first bicuspids (premolar)
  • second bicuspids (premolar)
  • 1st molar
  • 2nd molar
  • 3rd molar (wisdom teeth)
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66
Q

components of a tooth

A
  • crown
  • root
  • enamel
  • dentin
  • pulp
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67
Q

crown (components of a tooth )

A

area above the gum line

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68
Q

root (components of a tooth )

A

below the gum line

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69
Q

enamel (components of a tooth )

A

dense surface for protection

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70
Q

dentin (components of a tooth )

A

solid portion of tooth

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71
Q

pulp (components of a tooth )

A

contains nerves and blood vessels within tooth

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72
Q

dental development

A
  • deciduous teeth

- permanent teeth

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73
Q

deciduous teeth (dental development)

A
  • shedding teeth

- 10 teeth in each arch

74
Q

permanent teeth (dental development)

A

-16 teeth in each arch

75
Q

dental occlusion

A
  • relationship of upper dental arch to lower dental arch when teeth come together
  • class I occlusion
  • class II
  • Class III
76
Q

Class I (occlusion)

A
  • normal position
  • neutrocclusion
  • first permanent molar of the mandibular arch is one half tooth anterior or advanced of the first permanent maxillary molar
77
Q

Class II (occlusion)

A
  • malocclusion
  • first mandibular molar is posterior to normal position
  • mandible is protruded
78
Q

Class III (occlusion)

A

-malocclusion
-first mandibular molar is anterior to normal position
mandible is protruded
-relative micrognathia

79
Q

relative micrognathia (class III occlusion)

A
  • condition in which the mandible is small in relation to the maxilla
  • may be part of other genetic syndromes
  • may interfere with infant feeding
  • may cause abnormal alignment of the teeth
80
Q

bite

A
  • open bite

- closed bite

81
Q

open bite

A

anterior teeth do not occlude (do not touch when u bite down) because of excessive eruption of posterior teeth

82
Q

closed bite

A

posterior teeth do not occlude because of excessive eruption of anterior teeth

83
Q

What are the cavities of the vocal tract?

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. buccal cavity
  3. pharyngeal cavity
  4. nasal cavity
84
Q

Oral cavity (cavity of vocal tract)

A
  • hard palate
  • rugae
  • soft palate
  • anterior facial pillars
  • posterior faucial pillars
  • palatine tonsil
  • uvula
85
Q

rugae (oral cavity)

A

folds of tissue

86
Q

soft palate (oral cavity)

A
  • velum

- moves posteriorly to separate oropharynx from nasopharynx

87
Q

anterior faucial pillars (oral cavity)

A
  • arches

- bands of tissue located posterior boundary of the oral cavity

88
Q

posterior faucial pillars (oral cavity)

A
  • arches

- bands of tissue located posterior to the anterior faucial pillars

89
Q

palatine tonsil (oral cavity)

A

located between the two faucial pillars

90
Q

uvula (oral cavity)

A
  • may aid in speech sounds (non-english)

- aides velopharyngeal closure

91
Q

buccal cavity (cavities of vocal tract)

A

space between the teeth and cheeks

92
Q

pharyngeal cavity (cavities of vocal tract)

A

pharynx

  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
93
Q

nasopharynx (pharyngeal cavity)

A
  • space above the soft palate
  • Eustachian tube: provides aeration of the middle ear
  • pharyngeal tonsil-adenoid
94
Q

oropharynx (pharyngeal cavity)

A

area posterior to the fauces, between soft palate and hyoid bone

95
Q

laryngopharynx (pharyngeal cavity)

A

area bounded by the hyoid bone, epiglottis and esophagus

96
Q

nasal cavity (cavities of the vocal tract)

A
  • increase surface area to aid in warming, moistening and cleaning (filter) the air we breath
  • superior nasal concha
  • middle nasal concha
  • inferior nasal concha
97
Q

philtrum (landmarks of the lip)

A

vertical groove located above the lips

98
Q

philtril ridge (landmarks of the lip)

A

location of cleft lip

99
Q

cleft lip

A
  • birth defect that causes a split or opening in the upper lip
  • difficulties with feeding in infancy
  • surgery will repair lip
  • may need orthodontic care when older
  • may or may not have speech difficulties
100
Q

ORBICULARIS ORIS

(Miscellaneous muscles of the face )

A

-function: closes and protrudes lips

101
Q

RISORIOUS

Miscellaneous muscles of the face

A

-function: retracts lips at the corner, aids in mastication and smiling

102
Q

BUCCINATOR

Miscellaneous muscles of the face

A

-function: compresses the cheek, moves food onto surface of molars for mastication

103
Q

Levator labii superioris alaque nasi

elevator muscles of face

A

-function: elevates upper lip

104
Q

Levator labii superioris

elevator muscles of face

A

-function:elevates upper lip

105
Q

zygomatic minor

elevator muscles of face

A

-function: elevates upper lip

106
Q

zygomatic major

elevator muscles of face

A

-function: elevates and retracts the angle of mouth

107
Q

Levator anguli oris

elevator muscles of face

A

-function: pulls corners of mouth up and medially

108
Q

mentalis

Depressor muscle of face

A

-function: depresses lower lip, elevates and wrinkles chin

109
Q

depressor labii inferioris

Depressor muscle of face

A

-function: dilates the orifice of the mouth by pulling the lower lips down and out

110
Q

depressor anguli oris

Depressor muscle of face

A

-function: depresses the corners of mouth and helps compress the upper lip against the lower lip

111
Q

platysma

Depressor muscle of face

A

-function: depresses mandible

112
Q

What are the regions and structures of TONGUE

A
  • tip
  • dorsum
  • base
  • root
  • oral or palatine portion
  • pharyngeal portion
  • inferior surface
113
Q

tip

regions and structures of tongue

A

anterior most portion

114
Q

dorsum

regions and structures of tongue

A

superior surface

115
Q

base

regions and structures of tongue

A

located in the oropharynx

116
Q

root

regions and structures of tongue

A

lower area of the tongue where tongue attaches to mandible

117
Q

oral or palatine portion

regions and structures of tongue

A

2/3 tongue located in oral cavity

118
Q 
pharyngeal portion 
(regions and structures of tongue)
A

1/3/ tongue located in the oropharynx

119
Q 
inferior surface 
(regions and structures of tongue)
A
  • lingual frenulum

- sublingual folds

120
Q 
lingual frenulum 
(inferior surface- regions and structures of tongue)
A

ankyloglossia:

  • > short,thick or tight lingual frenulum
  • > restricted range of motion of the tongue
  • > may have difficulty sticking out tongue
  • > may affect infant feeding
  • > may affect speech articulation
  • > may require surgical procedure for treatment
121
Q 
sublingual folds
(inferior surface- regions and structures of tongue)
A

-salivary glands

122
Q

What are the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A
  • superior longitudinal muscle of tongue
  • inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
  • transverse muscle of tongue
  • vertical muscle of tongue
123
Q

superior longitudinal muscle of tongue

intrinsic tongue muscles

A

-function:elevates tip of tongue and pulls tongue to side

124
Q

inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue

intrinsic tongue muscles

A

-function: pulls tip of the tongue downwards and pulls tongue to side

125
Q

transverse muscle of tongue

intrinsic tongue muscles

A

function: narrows the tongue

126
Q

vertical muscle of tongue

intrinsic tongue muscles

A

function: flattens the tongue and pulls tongue down into the floor of the mouth

127
Q

What are the extrinsic tongue muscles?

A
  • genioglossus muscle
  • hyoglossus muscle
  • styloglossus muscle
  • palatoglossus muscle
128
Q

Genioglossus muscle

extrinsic tongue muscles

A

function:
- >retract the tongue, protrude tongue and elevates hyoid
- >contraction of both anterior and posterior fibers depress the tongue

129
Q

hyoglossus muscles

extrinsic tongue muscles

A

function: pulls sides of the tongue down, elevates hyoid

130
Q

styloglossus muscle

extrinsic tongue muscles

A

function: draws tongue back and up

131
Q

palatoglossus muscles

extrinsic tongue muscles

A
  • muscular structure of anterior faucial pillar

function: elevates back of tongue and depresses soft palate

132
Q

what are the muscles of mastication?

A
  • mandibular elevators
  • mandibular protrusion
  • mandibular depressors
133
Q

mandibular elevator

muscles of mastication

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis muscle
  • medial pterygoid muscle
134
Q

masseter

mandibular elevator

A

-function: elevates mandible

135
Q

temporalis Muscle

mandibular elevator

A

function: elevates the mandible and draws it back if protruded

136
Q

medial pterygoid muscle

mandibular elevator

A

function:elevates mandible

137
Q

lateral pterygoid muscle

mandibular protrusion

A

function: elevates mandible

138
Q

What are the mandibular depressors

A
  • digastricus
  • mylohyoid muscle
  • geniohyoid muscle
  • platysma
139
Q

ANTERIOR belly digastricus

mandibular depressor

A

function: depresses mandible

elevates hyoid

140
Q

POSTERIOR belly digastricus

mandibular depressor

A

-function: depresses mandible

elevates hyoid

141
Q

mylohyoid muscle

mandibular depressor

A

function: depresses mandible

elevates hyoid

142
Q

geniohyoid muscle

mandibular depressor

A

function: depresses mandible

elevates hyoid

143
Q

platysma

mandibular depressor

A

function: depresses mandible

144
Q

What are the muscles of the soft palate

A
  1. palatal elevators
  2. palatal depressors
  3. palatal tensor
145
Q

levator veli palatini

palatal elevator

A

function: elevates and retracts soft palate

146
Q

musculus uvulae

palatal elevator

A

function: shortens the soft palate

makes structure of uvula

147
Q

palatoglossus

palatal depressor

A
  • extrinsic tongue muscle
  • forms anterior faucial pillar
    function: elevates the tongue and depresses the soft palate
148
Q

palatopharyngeus

palatal depressor

A

forms posterior faucial pillar

function: narrows the pharynx and lowers soft palate

149
Q

tensor veli palatini

palatal tensor

A

function: stabilizes and flattens soft palate

dilates the eustachian tube

150
Q

What are the muscles of the pharynx

A
  1. superior pharyngeal constrictor
  2. middle pharyngeal constrictor
  3. inferior pharyngeal constrictor
  4. sapingopharyngeus
  5. stylopharyngeus
151
Q

superior pharyngeal constrictor

muscles of the pharynx

A

function: pulls posterior pharyngeal wall forward
constricts pharyngeal diameter to aid in deglutition
-assists in velopharyngeal closure

152
Q

middle pharyngeal constrictor

muscles of the pharynx

A

function: narrows diameter of pharynx

- peristaltic movements for swallowing

153
Q

inferior pharyngeal constrictor

muscles of the pharynx

A

thyropharyngeus muscle

cricopharyngeal muscle

154
Q 
thyropharyngeus muscle
(inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
A

function: reduces diameter of lower pharynx

155
Q 
cricopharyngeal muscle
(inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
A

function: muscular opening of the esophagus

156
Q

salpingopharyngeus

muscles of the pharynx

A

function: elevates the lateral pharyngeal wall

157
Q

stylopharyngeus

muscles of the pharynx

A

function: elevates and opens the pharynx during deglutition

158
Q

source filter theory of vowel production

A

speech is the product of sending and acoustic source such as the sound produced by the vibrating vocal folds, through filter of the vocal tract which shapes the output

159
Q

motor skills development

articulation

A

cephalocaudually

proximodistally

160
Q

cephalocaudually

motor skills development

A

head to tail

161
Q

proximodistally

motor skills development

A

medial structures to distal structures

162
Q

stabilization

motor control

A

speech is a fine motor skills that requires good stabilization of the trunk and neck muscle

163
Q

resonation

A
  • the sound quality given to voiced sounds by the vocal tract
  • vocal tract is an acoustic resonator
164
Q

characteristic of the vocal tract resonator

A
  • tube that is closed at one end (glottis) and open at the other (lips, nasal passageway)
  • series of air filled containers that are connected to each other
  • irregular shape makes it possible to transmit a wide range of resonating sounds
  • variable resonator whose frequency response changes depending on it shape
165
Q

to change the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract

A
  • length
  • location of constriction
  • degree of constriction
166
Q

velopharyngeal dysfunction

A
  • weakness or impairment of velar function

- velum must be elevated for all english sounds except /m/. /n/, /ing/

167
Q

resonance problems

A

hypernasality
hyponasality
nasal emission
cul-de-sac resonance

168
Q

hypernasality

resonance problems

A

excessive nasal resonance

169
Q

hypo nasality

resonance problems

A

insufficient nasal resonance

170
Q

nasal emission

resonance problems

A

air escape through the nasal cavities

171
Q

cul de sac resonance

resonance problems

A

muffles sound to voice

172
Q

cleft palate

A
  • hold gap in the hard and soft palate
  • difficulties w/ feeding in infancy
  • high risk for frequent ear infections
  • surgery is required to repair the cleft
  • may need orthodontic care
  • may have speech difficulties
173
Q

complete cleft of the palate

A
  • starts at the inclusive foramen
  • follows along the intermaxillary suture of the palatine processes of the maxilla
  • continues between the horizontal plates of the palatine bones
  • goes through the soft palate
174
Q

partial cleft of the palate

A
  • starts at a a point posterior to the incisive foramen

- may include a cleft through the part of the hard palate and soft palate

175
Q

structural differences between adult and infant

A
  • oral cavity is smaller
  • larynx is elevated
  • hyoid is elevated and forward
  • larger velum
  • no teeth
176
Q

dysohagia

A

any difficulty, discomfort or pain associated with swallowing

177
Q

signs of dysphagia

A
  • frequent coughing or clearing of airway when eating food or liquids
  • wet sound voice
  • pain when swallowing
  • recurring pneumonia
178
Q

causes of dysphgia

A
  • obstructive
  • neurological
  • congenital & development
179
Q

obstructive

causes of dysphgia

A
  • cancer of mouth or larynx

- reflux

180
Q

neurological

causes of dysphgia

A
  • stroke
  • parkinsons disease
  • multiple sclerosis
  • brain tumor
181
Q

congenital & development

causes of dysphgia

A
  • cerebral palsay

- cleft lip and palate

COMD 3100 (5 decks)

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