Lesson 5

Question 1

 The bone is the most highly differentiated connective tissues.
 It is rigid (not bendable) and it makes up our skeletons.
 Functions of the bones:
* Support
* Storage of minerals (Calcium (Ca), Phosphate (P))
* Blood cell production
* Protection
* Movement
o Human body: 206 adult bones
 Bones are second to cartilage in its ability to withstand stress.
 It consists of osteocytes, fibers and ground substance (matrix) which are calcified to make it hard and brittle.
 Osteocytes are cells of the bone.

Answer 1

BONES

Question 2

 Functions of the bones:

Answer 2

• Support
• Storage of minerals (Calcium (Ca), Phosphate (P))
• Blood cell production
• Protection
• Movement

Question 3

– immature bone cell
o Secretes main organic component of matrix
o Produces bone matrix

Answer 3

• Osteoblast

Question 4

mature bone cell
o Maintains the bone matrix

Answer 4

• Osteocytes

Question 5

TYPES OF BONES

Answer 5

1. Spongy bone (Cancellous bone)
2. Compact bone

Question 5

o Absorbs and removes the bone matrix

Answer 5

• Osteoclast

Question 6

• Small, needle-like, abundant open spaces
• Inner bone part

Answer 6

1. Spongy bone (Cancellous bone)

Question 7

• Dense, homogeneous
• Outer bone part, most rigid
• Contains functional unit – osteon

Answer 7

2. Compact bone

Question 8

rings around the central canal

Answer 8

• Lamellae

Question 8

 Ground bone consists of the Haversian lamellae which surrounds the small Haversian canals

Answer 8

GROUND BONE

Question 9

opening in the center of the osteon
o Where blood vessels and nerves are located
o Vascular (has blood supply)

Answer 9

• Canal

Question 10

lodged in the lacunae.

Answer 10

 Osteocytes

Question 11

the lacunae are artifacts or dirt that accumulated when the bone was washed during specimen preparation.

Answer 11

 Black spots

Question 12

What does COMPACT AND SPONGY BONE consist of

Answer 12

• external circumferential lamellae
• internal circumferential lamellae
• haversian lamellae
• haversian canal
• lacunae
• bone canaliculi

Question 13

 Binds, supports and protects organs
 Comes together to form the skeleton

Answer 13

COMPACT BONE

Question 14

 Compact bone tissue consists of units called osteons or Haversian systems.
 Osteons are cylindrical structures that contain a mineral matrix and living osteocytes connected by canaliculi, which transport blood

Answer 14

OSTEON

Question 15

 The bone marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis.
 Hematopoiesis is the production of bloods cells.
 The bone marrow consists of hematopoietic cords, blood vessels, and adipose cells.
 Adipose cells are seen using sudanophilic stain.

Answer 15

BONE MARROW

Question 16

 Transports hormones, nutrients and cells all over the body.
 Only fluid tissue in the human body
 Oxygenated (O2) – scarlet red
 Deoxygenated (O2 poor) – dull red

Answer 16

BLOOD

Question 17

scarlet red

Answer 17

 Oxygenated (O2

Question 18

dull red

Answer 18

 Deoxygenated (O2 poor

Question 19

contains anti-coagulant (EDTA, Sodium Citrate, Heparin)

Answer 19

 Plasma

Question 20

No anti-coagulant (red, yellow w/stopper)

Answer 20

 Serum

Question 21

at the tip of tongue-shaped smear

Answer 21

 Platelet count

Question 22

is the production of bloods cells.

Answer 22

 Hematopoiesis

Question 23

seen using sudanophilic stain.

Answer 23

 Adipose cells

Question 24

% of Water

Answer 24

(92%)

Question 24

% of Plasma

Answer 24

(55%)

Question 25

% of Albumins

Answer 25

58%

Question 26

% of Globulins

Answer 26

37%

Question 27

% of Fibrinogen

Answer 27

4%

Question 28

% of Regulatory Proteins

Answer 28

1%

Question 29

• Other Solutes %

Answer 29

(1%)

Question 29

o Electrolytes

Answer 29

(Na, K, Mg, Ca)

Question 30

o Respiratory gases

Answer 30

(O2, CO2)

Question 30

o Nutrients

Answer 30

(Glucose, Vitamins, Amino Acids)

Question 31

o Wastes products

Answer 31

Urea, Uric Acid)

Question 32

 Erythrocytes (44%)

Answer 32

RBCs

Question 32

 Buffy Coat

Answer 32

(<1%)

Question 33

at the tip of tongue-shaped smear

Answer 33

 Platelet count

Question 34

o DF Count of Basophil

Answer 34

o DF Count: 0.5-1

Question 35

o DF Count of Eosinophil

Answer 35

1-4

Question 36

o DF Count of Neutrophil

Answer 36

DF Count: 50-70 (most abundant WBC)

Question 37

o DF Count of Lymphocyte

Answer 37

o DF Count: 20-40

Question 37

high neutrophils = bacterial infection

Answer 37

o Neutrophilia

Question 38

parasitic infection/allergy

Answer 38

o High eosinophils

Question 39

Increased lymphocytes = viral infection

Answer 39

o Lymphocyctosis

Question 40

kidney-bean shaped; biggest

Answer 40

• Monocyte

Question 41

o DF Count of Monocyte

Answer 41

o DF Count: 2-8

Question 42

• Smear
• Anti-coagulant (Not mixed properly)

Answer 42

 Micro clotting

Question 43

are responsible for transportation of O2 and CO2.

Answer 43

 Red blood cells

Question 44

are elevated in bacterial infections.

Answer 44

 Neutrophils

Question 45

are generally elevated in parasitic infections.

Answer 45

 Eosinophils

Question 46

are generally elevated in allergic reactions.

Answer 46

 Basophils

Question 47

produce antibodies.

Answer 47

 Lymphocytes

Question 48

converts into macrophages which engulf pathogens.

Answer 48

 Monocytes

Question 49

are responsible for blood clotting during wounds.

Answer 49

 Platelets

Question 50

 Also known as hemopoiesis
 Blood formation
 Yolk sac → Liver → Bone marrow

Answer 50

HEMATOPOIESIS

Question 51

 is an inherited disorder that affects connective tissue.
 The connective tissue lacks strength.
 Affects all connective tissues

Answer 51

MARFAN SYNDROME