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Histo lab > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

 Histology came from the Greek word

A
  • Histoslogia
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2
Q

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Cells
  4. Tissue
  5. Organs
  6. Organ System
  7. Organism
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3
Q

WHAT IS A HISTOLOGIST OR HISTOPATHOLOGIST?

A

Healthcare professional

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4
Q

performed microscopy to study the structure of normal and abnormal tissues.

A

Healthcare professional

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5
Q

Normal Tissues

A
  • Histologist
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6
Q

Abnormal Tissues

A
  • Histopathologist
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7
Q

 Counterpart of histology as this subject focuses more on the abnormal structure of tissues.

A

HISTOPATHOLOGY

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8
Q

WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY THE APPEARANCE OF NORMAL TISSUES?

A

differentiate from what is normal to abnormal.

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9
Q

 The study of the structure and function of plant and animal cell.

A

CYTOLOGY

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10
Q

 The study of organs and organ systems.

A

ORGANOLOGY

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11
Q

 cells responsible for cartilage formation and is found within the cartilage itself.

A

Chondrocytes

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12
Q

 Contains two lens systems for magnifying specimens - the ocular lens in the eyepiece and the objective lens located in the nose piece.

 Anything that is examined under the microscope such as urine, stool, and blood is
called a specimen.

 Specimen is illuminated by a beam of tungsten light.
* Tungsten – Halogen Bulb (3200K) Warm Light

 Specimen appears dark against a bright background.

 Limitation - absence of contrast between the specimen and the surrounding medium, which makes it difficult to observe living cells.

 Specimens are usually nonviable, stained preparations.

A

BRIGHTFIELD MICROSCOPE

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13
Q

 Similar to the ordinary light microscope.

 The condenser system is modified so that
the specimen is not illuminated directly.

 The condenser directs the light obliquely (slanting or diagonal) so that the light is deflected or scattered from the specimen.

 The specimen appears bright against a dark background.

 Living specimens may be observed more readily.

A

DARKFIELD MICROSCOPE

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14
Q

 Observation of unstained microorganisms is possible here.

 Includes special objectives and a condenser that makes visible cellular components that differ slightly in their refractive index.

 Refractive index or refraction refers to the bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another.

 The image appears dark against a light background.

A

PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE

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15
Q

 Used most frequently to visualize specimens that are chemically tagged with a fluorescent dye.

 The source of illumination is an ultraviolet (UV) light

 High pressure mercury lamp or hydrogen quarts lamp-light source

 The ocular lens is fitted with a filter that permits the longer ultraviolet wavelengths to pass, while the shorter wavelengths are blocked or eliminated.

 UV radiations are absorbed by the fluorescent label and the energy is re-emitted in the form of a different wavelength in the visible light range.

 Fluorescent dyes absorb at wavelengths between 230-350 nm and emit an orange, yellow or greenish light.

A

FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPE

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16
Q

 Provides a revolutionary method of microscopy.

 Magnifies up to one million.

 Permits visualization of submicroscopic cellular particles and virus.

 Virus is smaller than bacteria

 The specimen is illuminated by a beam of electrons rather than light.

 Focusing is carried out by electromagnets instead of a set of optics.

 Components are sealed in a tube in
wherein a complete vacuum is established.

 Specimens should be thinly prepared, fixed (Formalin), and dehydrated (Alcohol) to allow the electron beam to pass through freely.

 Electron Beam – Wavelength (shorter) to light resolution (1000 – increase)

A

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

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17
Q

TYPES OF MICROSCOPES

A

BRIGHTFIELD MICROSCOPE
DARKFIELD MICROSCOPE
PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE
FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

18
Q

TWO TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

A
  1. Transmission EM
  2. Scanning EM
19
Q
  • Requires specimens that are thinly prepared, fixed, and dehydrated to allow the electron beam to pass through freely.
  • As the electrons pass through the specimen, images are formed by directing the electrons onto photographic film - this makes the internal cellular structures visible.
  • TEM – 400,000x in detail
  • Magnification – 120,000x
  • Thickness - 40-90nm resin embedded tissue
A
  1. Transmission EM
20
Q
  • Used for visualizing surface characteristics rather than intracellular structures
  • A narrow beam of electrons scans back and forth, producing a three-dimensional image as the electrons are reflected off the specimen’s surface
  • Scanning EM – Surface
  • Sprayed by heavy metals – gold
A
  1. Scanning EM
21
Q

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE

A

Body Tube
Arm
Base
Mechanical Stage
Ocular or Eyepiece Lens
Illuminator or Light Source
Condenser
Iris diaphragm
Revolving Nosepiece or Turret
Scanner Objective (4x)
Low Power Objective (10x)

22
Q
  • Connects the eyepiece to the objective lens.
A

Body Tube

23
Q
  • Supports the body tube and connects it to the base.
A

Arm

24
Q
  • Bottom of the microscope and is used for support.
A

Base

25
Q
  • Fixed platform with an opening in the center allows for the passage of light from an illuminating source below to the lens system above the stage.
  • Provides a surface for the placement of a slide with its specimen over the central opening.
  • Can be moved vertically or horizontally by means of adjustment controls.
  • Stage clips – hold the slides in place
A

Mechanical Stage

26
Q
  • Lens at the top of the microscope
  • Usually 10x – 15x
A

Ocular or Eyepiece Lens

27
Q
  • Positioned in the base of the instrument
  • Built in light source - provides direct illumination
  • Mirror (one side flat and other concave) – indirect illumination
    o Uses an external light source (lamp or sunlight) - placed in front of the mirror to direct the light upward into the lens system.
    o Flat side – artificial light
    o Concave side – sunlight
A

Illuminator or Light Source

28
Q
  • Found directly under the stage and contains two sets of lenses that collect and concentrate light passing upward.
  • Illuminates the object with rays of light that pass through the specimen obliquely as well as directly.
A

Condenser

29
Q
  • Holds the objective lenses
  • Allows easy rotation of objective lenses.
A

Revolving Nosepiece or Turret

29
Q
  • Rotating disk under the mechanical stage.
  • Can be adjusted to change the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upwards into the slide.
  • Used to create contrast on cellular components.
    o Tissues - open iris diaphragm more
    o Cells or urinary sediments - close iris diaphragm for better contrast
A

Iris diaphragm

30
Q
  • Shortest objective
  • Useful for getting an overview of the slide.
  • For WHOLE ORGANS like a section of the spinal cord, lung, digestive tract, etc.
  • Safe to use since it is cannot be lowered to the point of contacting with the slide.
A

Scanner Objective (4x)

31
Q
  • The most useful lens for viewing slides.
  • Almost any feature can be featured in this objective.
  • Also safe to use since it is cannot be lowered to the point of contacting with the slide.
A

MICROSCOPE CARE

31
Q
  • LPO
A

Low Power Objective (10x)

32
Q
  • HPO
  • Also called high-dry objective
  • Used for observing fine detail such as striations in skeletal muscle, types of nerve cells in the retina, etc.
A

High Power Objective (40x)

33
Q
  • OIO
  • The longest objective
  • Used for observing details of the individual cells such as white blood cells, red blood cells and immature cells.
  • Must be used together with immersion oil.
    Immersion Oil
A

Oil Immersion Objective (100x)

34
Q
  1. Unlimited enlargement is not possible by merely increasing the magnifying power of the lenses or by using additional lenses.
  2. Because lenses are limited by a property called RESOLVING POWER
  3. Resolving power
    * It is the ability of a lens to show two adjacent objects as discrete entities.
    * It is dependent on the wave-length of light used and the numerical aperture
A

RESOLVING POWER OR RESOLUTION

34
Q
  • Light that passes through the glass slide, passes through air, then the lens - this light gets refracted
  • At high magnification, this refraction can blur the image
  • To eliminate refraction between
  • The slide and lens - replace the air gap with immersion oil The immersion oil has the same refractive index as glass
  • Oil Refractive index - 1.518
A

Immersion Oil

35
Q
  1. Function of a diameter of the objective lens in relation to its focal length.
  2. It is doubled by use of the substage condenser.
A

NUMERICAL APERTURE

36
Q
  1. Remove all unnecessary materials (books, papers, purses, etc.)
  2. Uncoil the microscope’s electric wire and plug into the outlet.
  3. Clean all lens system – Ocular and objectives
  4. Methanol or xylol (xylene) – lens cleanser.
A

ONCE THE MICROSCOPE IS ON THE TABLE

37
Q
  1. Clean all the lenses with a dry, clean lens paper with a drop or two of methanol
  2. Xylol can be used to clean the mechanical stage
  3. Place the objective back to LPO
  4. Center the mechanical stage
  5. Coil the electric wire are the body tube
  6. Return the microscope
A

AFTER USING THE MICROSCOPE

38
Q
  1. Enlargement or magnification of a specimen is the function of a two-lens system.
  2. The ocular lens is found in the eyepiece.
  3. The objective lens is situated in the revolving nose-piece.
  4. The lenses are separated by the body tube.
  5. The objective lens is neared the specimen and magnifies it.
  6. The real image is projected up into the focal plane and then magnified by the ocular lens to produce the final image.
A

MAGNIFICATION

Histo lab (8 decks)

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