Lesson 4 Flashcards
Conducted scientific investigations in an effort to understand the self and have developed theories and difference among them.
Western Thoughts
They emphasized the importance of scientific method to provide a satisfactory answer in identifying the self.
Western Thoughts
The emphasis is individualistic rather than relational.
Western Thoughts
The distinction of cultures and people in the Eastern Perspective is Collectivist.
Eastern Thoughts
Raised questions about the ultimate meaning of human life.
Eastern Thoughts
Developed theories of self as they have investigated what it means to be a human being.
Eastern Thoughts
aim at transformations in:
Consciousness
Emotions
One’s relationship with the world
Feelings
Founded by ____ or known as ____
Siddhartha Gautama, buddha
BUDDHISM
Buddhism comes from the root word ____ which means ______.
budh, awake
Believes that every person has a seed on enlightenment.
Buddhism
Denies the existence of a separate soul, self, or atman
Buddhism
The concept of anatta often defines as ___, simply means that this self cannot have any existence except in terms of the interconnected net of causal conditions that made their existence possible.
“no-self”, or “non-self”
A human being is made up of five aggregates (called ______) of functions namely:
Khandas or Skandhas
Matter
Sensation
Perception
Mental formations
Consciousness.
MSPMC
The doctrine of Anatta (no self) does not negate the person, rather it empowers the individual by erasing the boundaries of separateness that limit the personal ego or self.
Buddhism
Anicca literally means
impermanence
The goal is to become an interconnected integral part of the universe.
Buddhism
Goals in Hinduism:
1) bring the individual person to the realization that he is ___, but rather a ____1 (Brahman-Atman), and
not a separate being, partaker of the great SELF
This is the realization known as enlightenment, the emergence of the big SELF, which is boundless.
Buddhism
To begin the work of building or restoring a strong sense of self, one must begin by befriending the self through the inner work of meditation and mindfulness.
Buddhism
The ideal is to experience ___
nirvana (highest form of happiness)
Research have shown that mindfulness meditation practices bring about positive significant effects in improving active growth and well-being, changing self-knowledge and the mode for self-referential processing.
Buddhism
Engaging in mindfulness meditation practices especially over long period of time is closely associated with ___. such as non-attachment (acceptance), and becoming more compassionate to the self and
increases in positive self-attitudes equally so to others (Buddhism)
Empowering the individual through developing a ____
mindful self (Buddhism)
is linked to Hinduism’s view of God
Atman
All living beings have an “inner-most self” called
ATMAN (a Sanskrit word)
____ is connected to the _____ which is the one ___ that brings unity to the universe. Because of this connection to Brahman, this “innermost self” becomes the “absolute self” or the Brahman-Atman
ATMAN, Brahman (ultimate reality), Divine Principle
- attain detachment from self-desires and wants, and to become one with the ___
**Hence, Brahman-Atman is attained.
Great Self (universal self).
Closely involved with the Hindu doctrine of reincarnation which means that when a person dies, a person is reborn as another being in the future.
KARMA HINDUISM
Rituals of Purification to attain BRAHMAN-ATMAN
KARMA
SAMSARA
Reincarnation happens when the Atman (Soul) leaves its material receptacle (body) and finds another material receptacle to reside on in another life cycle.
transmigration of the soul
Cycle or wheel of birth-death-rebirth.
Samsara
An Atman that has not achieved the sufficient level of enlightenment and detachment from material goods and pleasures will be reborn again and again in different material receptacles. The goal of spiritual practice is to end this cycle and stop the wheel of Samsara.
Samsara
The man of virtue must be watchful over himself when he is alone” which means that the private self should not be discrepant with the public self. Incongruence signifies disharmony.
Confucianism
is the experience of momentous release or liberation (salvation) from the seemingly never-ending cycle of birth-death-rebirth.
Moksha
The famous quote, “Don’t do unto others what you don’t want done unto you.”
Confucianism
This is the aim of serious spiritual practitioners: to achieve moksha within their lifetime.
Moksha
If Moksha is achieved, the Atman does not look for a material receptacle to reside on and unites with the Brahman-atman, the principle of all life in the universe.
Moksha
learning to be human - broadening and deepening of thought and being that acknowledges the interconnectedness of all the modalities of existence
Confucianism
___ is an ethic governing human relationships.
Confucianism
___ is anchored in interpersonal relationships
Confucian selfhood
Confucius was insistent on the need for examining oneself from within on a daily basis and even in the absence of other
Confucianism
The “golden law”- two principles simply means,
is “doing one’s utmost” and “fully realizing the self”.
Loyalty
means, “putting one in the other’s shoes”, “extending the self”
Reciprocity
The ___ is something that is formed through upbringing and the environment
self
Four beginnings of self
Jen
Yi
Li
Chih
heart of wisdom
Chih
heart of compassion
Jen
__ is achieved through moral excellence
Personality (Confucianism)
heart of propriety
Li
heart of righteousness
Yi
The goal of ___ is to bring human beings into union with the Tao (The Way) by imitating certain qualities in nature such as harmony and fluidity.
Taoism
The Way”, it prizes the values of individual life reflected in the two core topics of longevity and immortality.
Taoism
insists that human life is of the highest value, a worthy goal for people to pursue forever.
Taoism
Taoism believes that human beings can control their lives through self-exercise and moral behavior.
Human fulfillment lies in harmonizing with the Tao, which is generally conceived as patterns in nature (relationship between human beings and nature)
Tao is the unique source of the universe and determines all things that everything in the world is composed of positive and negative parts.
When selflessness is attained, the distinction between “I” and “other” disappears and one may then act with complete spontaneity.
Selfhood entails conscious self-transformation leading to the embodiment of “sageliness within and kingliness without”.
To embrace the “Way of Nature” and the “Way of Life”.
Three Significant Processes
Wu Wei or non-action
Longevity and Chi
Yin-Yang
- -adopt simplicity of lifestyle
Wu Wei or non-action
“to live the longest possible natural life by living in harmony with one’s social and natural environment which can be achieved through self-cultivation and internal alchemy (common may be transformed into something precious.)
Longevity and Chi
are complementary; the Yang moves upward, represents the heavens, and therefore “pure and light”, while the Yin flows downward, forms the earth, and so “turbid and heavy
Yin-Yang
(oneness of Yin and Yang) to understand psychological activities and experiences involves recognizing a special interdependence of objective events, as well as with the subjective (psychic) states of the observer or observers.
Unity of Opposites
yin
negative
yang
positive
