Lesson 4 Flashcards
Cardiovascular System
Closed circuit composed of heart, blood vessels and blood
Plasma definition
liquid component of blood responsible for carrying hormones, plasma protein, food materials, ions, gases through body
Blood is transferred through body via….
blood vessels
Arteries and arterioles
carry oxygen-rich blood AWAY from heart
Veins and venules
return oxygen-poor blood TO heart
Capillaries
provide sites for gas, nutrients, waste exchange between blood and tissues
Arteriosclerosis
Commonly seen in elderly
Contributes to arterial rigidity and dec. arteries ability to expand
Causes inc. BP
Pulmonary Circuit
RIGHT SIDE OF HEART
Receives blood partially depleted of O2, high CO2, pushed into lungs where releases CO2 in exchange for O2
Systemic Circuit
LEFT SIDE OF HEART
Receives newly oxygenated blood from lungs, pumps it to various tissues of body
Cardiac Cycle
period from beginning of one heartbeat to beginning of the next
Systole
contraction phase where blood leaves ventricles
Diastole
relaxation phase when blood fills ventricles
Respiratory System definition
provides means to replace O2 and remove CO2 from blood
Respiratory System is made up of…
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx (adams apple), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, lungs
Humans breath _____ liters of air per minute at rest and _____ liters per min during exercise
rest- 5-6 liters
exercise- 20-30 liters
Mediastinum
space separating lunges
houses important organs such as heart. aorta, esophagus, part of trachea
What is the only skeletal muscle considered essential for life?
diaphragm
Lymphatic System def
Rids the body of waste
Lymphatic fluid is similar to blood except it contains….
no red blood cells or platelets
4 important functions of Lymphatic System:
- destruction of bacteria present in lymph nodes
- specific immune response that aid in manufacturing antibodies to destroy bacteria
- return of interstitial fluid to bloodstream
- prevention of excessive accumulation of tissue fluid and filtered proteins by drainage into highly permeable lymphatic capillaries in connective tissue
Cardiorespiratory Endurance Def.
capacity of heart and lungs to deliver blood and O2 to working muscles during exercise
ATP=
adenosine triphosphate
Provides energy to drive many processes in living cells
T/F: tidal volume AND breathing increase at onset of exercise
True
Hemoglobin
protein in red blood cells that is specifically adapted to bond with 02 molecules
Low hemoglobin levels=
anemia
Cardiac output (q) is the product of…
HR (in bpm) and stroke volume (SV) or quantity of blood pumped per beat
What is Q=HR x SV
Cardiac Output
Ischemia
Inadequate blood flow to heart due to narrowed coronary arteries
O2 extraction
extracting of O2 from blood at cellular level for aerobic production of ATP
T/F: Slow twitch muscle fibers are not oxidative
False, they ARE
Mitochondria
Where aerobic production of ATP takes place
Tidal Volume=
rate/depth of each breathe
Endocrine System Def.
responsible for regulation bodily activities through the production of hormones
2 categories under Endo. System
- steroid-derived hormones
- hormones synthesized from amino acids
Principal Endo glands
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas,, gonads
Pituitary gland=
master gland located beneath brain
Anterior Portion of pituitary gland releases these 6 hormores:
- follicle-stim hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH_
- Thyroid-stim hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Prolactin
TSH
stimulates synthesis and release of thyroxine from thyroid gland, which helps control rate at which all cells utilize O2
ACTH
controls secretion in adrenal gland of hormones that influence metabolism of carbs, sodium, and potassium
GH
stimulates growth of the skeletal system/general growth
Prolactin
Involved in initiation/maintenance of breast milk production and secretion in females
Thyroid gland releases what 3 hormones?
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
Adrenal Medula
produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
Epinephrine
acts to elevate blood glucose levels, increase rate, fore, and amp. of the heartbeat, and dilate blood vessels that feed heart, lungs, skeletal muscles
Norepinephrine
causes an inc. in HR and in the force of contractions of cardiac muscles
Pancrease
Below stomach
Produces hormones involved in reg. carb met.
Creates insulin
Gonads
produce hormones that promote sex-specific physical characteristics and regulate reproductive function
When blood glucose is HIGH…
insulin is released from beta cells
When blood glucose is LOW…
glucagon is released from alpha cells
Estrogen plays major role in…
bone formation and maintenance
What combo of exercise improves active muscle insulin sensitivity the best?
resistance training and aerobic training
3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
- Alarm reaction
- Resistance or Adaptation
- Exhaustion
Resistance or Adaptation stage
begins between 4-6 weeks and brings about muscle adaptation.
Characterized by progressive inc. in muscle size and strength
Tricuspid Valve
Blood travels through this when going from right atrium to right ventricle
