Lesson 4 Flashcards
Gene regulation
Ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment
Operon
Controls gene regulation
In response to environment
On/off in daily lives
Ex.
What are Hox Genes?
Genes that specify segment identity
Determine the body map and turns on in the womb when the fetus is developing and shut off when you are born
Mutation
Permanent change in cells DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes
Are all mutations harmful
No. Only mutations that change the amino acid being coded in gene expression are harmful
What mutations are not harmful
An example of a silent mutation is changing the original codon AAA to AAG by changing the last base within the codon
They do not change the amino acid in the proteins they encode. This leads to little to no change.
What causes mutations
harmful chemicals, viruses, traumatic injury, radiation, UV light, or hereditarily
Point mutation
A chemical change in just one pair and can be enough to cause a genetic disorder
- one base in exchange for another
Nonsense mutation
Type of point mutation: Changes amino acid to a stop codon early
Missense mutation
Type of point mutation: changes the amino acid when one or more nucleotides are substituted
Silent mutation
No change
Frame shift mutation
Frameshift mutations are caused by random insertions or deletions of bases in the DNA.
Examples of DNA stands to mRNA fo tRNA to amino acids *practice this
DNA: A T A C G A A A T C G C G A T C G C G G C G A T T C G G
Amino acids: ?
Mutagen
Substances that cause mutations
Body cell vs Sex cell mutation
Germline mutations —> the sex cells, such as eggs and sperm have been transmitted to a mutation as an offspring
Somatic mutations – occur in a single body cell and cannot be inherited
