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Honors Biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Double Helix

A

Twisted ladder shape of DNA formed by two nucleotide strands twisted around each other

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A

The subunits of nucleic acids that consists of 5 carbon sugars, a phosphate group and one of the 4 nitrogenous bases

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3
Q

Structure of DNA (+ letters)

A

Made of 3 parts…a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose) group , and one of the 4 types of nitrogen bases
ADENINE (A) = THYMINE (T)
CYTOSINE (C) = GUANINE (G)

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4
Q

Orientation of DNA (Anti-parallel)

A

5’-3’ direction one strand is oriented in the 5’-3’ direction and the complimentary strand is 3’-5’ direction

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5
Q

What sugar group is in the structure of DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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6
Q

DNA and RNA are which type of macromolecule?

A

Nucleus acids

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7
Q

Macromolecules involved in replication and protein synthesis

A

Carbs (sugar), nucleic acids, and proteins for synthesis

Replication involved nucleic acids

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8
Q

What is semiconservative replication?

A

Each new DNA molecule consists of one new strand and one old strand

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9
Q

What is the first step of unwinding in DNA replication

A

1) DNA helicase - an enzyme - unwinds and unzips the double helix

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10
Q

What is the second step of unwinding in DNA replication

A

An enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs and double helix unzips leaving single strands of DNA

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11
Q

What is the third step of unwinding in DNA replication?

A

Protein (called single stranded binding protein) keeps the strands separate - on each DNA strand

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12
Q

What is base pairing in DNA replication

A

Considered the second stage of DNA replication:
Consists of pairing bases

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13
Q

What is the first step of base pairing

A

The enzyme DNA polymerase catalyzes synthesis of new DNA molecules
adenine always pairs with…thymine
cytosine always pairs with…guanine

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14
Q

what is the second step of base pairing

A

DNA accurately replicates itself DNA is transferred into RNA and is translated from RNA into amino acids

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15
Q

What is the third step of base pairing

A

The DNA strands are separate during replication as each parent strand serves as a template for new strands

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16
Q

What is transcription

A

Information coded in cells DNA instructs the cell to make messenger RNA molecules from a nucleotide

17
Q

What is translation

A

What a codon from mRNA forms an amino acid
Begins with start codon and ends with stop

18
Q

What is Okazaki Fragments

A

Short segments of DNA synthesized discontinuously in small segments in the 3’ to 5’ direction by DNA polymerase

19
Q

DNA is ________ as well as ________

A

semi-discontinuous, semiconservative

20
Q

What is Joining?

A

The third part of DNA replication
When DNA polymerase comes to a RNA primer on the DNA and removes the primer and fills it in the place with nucleotides

21
Q

What happens at the end of joining

A

DNA Lucas’s links into 2 sections

22
Q

What does semi discontinuous mean

A

Because of the lagging strand; template DNA and polymerase on one strand repeatedly separate, reposition, join together to resume replication of lagging strand.

23
Q

What is semi continuous

A

Strands are being formed continuously - independently

24
Q

Enzymes

A

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

25
Q

Where do enzymes take place

A

In the nucleus

26
Q

Prokaryotic DNA replication

A

Prokaryotic organism duplicates its entire genome in order to pass the second copy to a daughter

27
Q

Where does prokaryotic DNA replication take place

A

In the cytoplasm

28
Q

Eukaryotic DNA replication

A

The process by which the eukaryotic genome duplicates prior to cell division

29
Q

Where does Eukaryotic DNA replication take place?

A

In the nucleus

Honors Biology (7 decks)

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