Lesson 3: Organization of the Skeletal Structure Flashcards
That part of the skeleton that consists of all the bones along the body’s axis and to which the bones of the appendicular skeleton append, 80 bones (skull 29, vertebral column 26, and thoracic cage bones 25)
Axial Skeleton
That part of the skeleton which supports the appendages in vertebrates, 126 bones (upper limbs 64, lower libs 62)
Appendicular Skeleton
What are the five types of classification of bones?
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid
What do long bones consist of?
Long shaft (diaphysis) and are usually expanded at either end, composed of compact bone but contain spongy bone within diaphyses, act as levers
Examples of long bones
Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, and metatarsals
What do flat bones consist of?
Smooth, thin bones, comprised of two thin, flat plats of compact bone which lies a layer of spongy bone, protect the soft internal structures and provide attachment for muscles
Examples of flat bones
Sternum, scapula, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone, frontal bone, ribs, and hip bone
What do short bones consist of?
Generally equal in width and length, mainly composed of spongy bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone, small movements
Examples of short bones
Carpal and tarsal bones
What consists of irregular bones?
Elaborate in shape and can’t be classified into the above categories
Examples of irregular bones
Sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, hyoid bone, sacrum, and vertebra
What do sesamoid bones consist of?
Form within the tendons of some muscles or tendons pass over joints, act to protect tendon and increase its mechanical efforts
Examples of sesamoid bones
Patella and accessory bones of the foot
Crest
A narrow ridge
ex: hip bone: iliac crest; and femur: intertrochanteric crest
Eminence
An elevation or projection
ex: intercondylar eminence
Epicondyle
A rounded, bony projection found superior to a condyle
ex: femur: lateral and medial epicondyles; and humerus: lateral and medial epicondyles
Fossa
A shallow, broad, or elongated pit
ex: hip bone: iliac fossa; and scapula: glenoid fossa
Fovea
A small pit or depression
ex: femur: fovea of head
Line
A slightly raised, elongated ridge
ex: femur: intertrochanteric line; and hip bone: inferior gluteal line
Process
A pointed, bony projection
ex: T2 vertebra: spinous, superior, articular, and transverse processes
Spine
A sharp, pointed, narrow process
ex: hip bone: anterior inferior iliac spine, anterior superior iliac spine, and ischial spine
Trochanter
Two massive bony process unique to the femur
ex: femur: greater and lesser trochanters
Tubercle
A small, rounded projection
ex: humerus: lesser tubercle
Tuberosity
A rough projection of bone for the attachment of muscles
ex: tibia: tibial tuberosity; and hip bone: ischial tuberosity
Condyle
A rounded prominence located at the end of a bone; is often articular
ex: femur: lateral and medial condyles; and humerus: trochlea
Facet
A smooth, slightly concave or convex articular surface
ex: T6 vertebra: costal facet, inferior, and superior costal demifacets
Head
The prominent, expanded end of a bone
ex: femur: head, and humerus: head
Canal
A tubular passage through bone
ex: T6 vertebra: vertebral canal
Fissure
A slit through a bone
ex: sphenoid bone: superior orbital fissure
Foramen
A round hole through a bone
ex: hip bone: obturator foramen; and occipital bone: foramen magnum
Meatus
An opening of a canal through a bone
ex: temporal bone: external acoustic meatus
Sinus
A cavity or recess in a bone
ex: frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses
Sulcus
A bony groove that houses a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel
ex: humerus: sulcus for ulnar nerve
