Lesson 3

Question 1

Retrieval

Question 2

Recall

Question 3

Recognition

Question 4

Retrieval cues

Question 5

Context-dependent memory

Question 6

Mood-congruent memory

Question 7

State-dependent memory

Question 8

Testing effect

Question 9

Forgetting curve

Answer 9

Time is a factor in forgetting.
Memories weaken over time. If we learn something new, but then make no attempt to relearn that information, we remember less and less of it as the hours, days and weeks go by.
Within an hour of learning new information people tend to forget up to 50% of it!

Question 10

Proactive interference

Answer 10

Occurs when something you have learnt before, disrupts recall of something new.
‘Ms Cole struggled to remember the names of her new students because the names of old students kept interfering with the information’

Question 11

Retroactive interference

Answer 11

Occurs when new information interferes with remembering old information.
‘When someone asks you for your old mobile number, but you can’t remember it because you have a new number’.

Question 12

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 12

When we know that we know something but can’t seem to pull it completely out of memory. Often, providing ourselves with retrieval cues we associate with the blocked information can enable us to recall it.

Question 13

Repression (psychodynamic)

Answer 13

Memories forgotten due to distress.
A defence mechanism of the Ego within the Psychodynamic approach to Personality.
It is the unconscious forgetting of painful memories that occurs as a defence mechanism to protect our self-concept and minimise anxiety.

Question 14

Misinformation effect

Question 15

Source amnesia

Question 16

Constructive memory

Answer 16

A psychological concept that analyses how the brain creates memories. According to constructive memory, memories may not fully recall real happenings or events since they can be altered by new information. Misinformation effect is one type of disorder that would fall under constructive memory (how memories are constructed).

Question 17

Imagination inflation

Answer 17

A type of memory distortion that occurs when imagining an event that never happened increases confidence in the memory of the event.

Question 18

Retrograde amnesia

Question 19

Anterograde amnesia

Question 20

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 20

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia (see ‘Development’ Study Pack); it is a brain disease that results in neuron connections being lost, particularly in the hippocampus (memory centre).

Question 21

Infantile amnesia