Lesson 1 Flashcards
Introduction to Memory
Storage
How information is stored
Retrieval
How information is remembered
Explicit memory
Our LTM of facts and experiences we consciously know and can verbalize.
- This is further divided into Semantic memory and Episodic memory…
Episodic memory
Personal experiences of events
Semantic memory
Facts and Knowledge
Implicit memory
Our LTM for skills and procedures to do things
- Whenever we are retrieving information from the LTM, two types of processing occurs, Automatic and Effortful…
Automatic processing
Unconscious - Usually occurs with experience…
Ex: Driving to work everyday without conscious awareness of some of the journey
Effortful processing
Conscious effort - Requires focus and attention…
Ex: Driving somewhere unfamiliar
Procedural memory
Tasks we perform without thinking (Implicit LTM)
Prospective memory
Remembering to perform an action at a certain time…
- An important aspect of our routine daily life
Ex: Remembering to take medicine after breakfast
Long-term potentiation
The neurological underpinning of memory formation. (what’s going on in the brain during memory formation)
- a process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation - Makes learning and remembering easier
Working memory model
How working memory uses multiple systems to process information into the LTM. As info enters the sensory memory, it is divided up into slave systems know as:
- Phonological loop
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Central executive
Primary memory system
Initial memory stage - before LTM
Central Executive
Processes information from the slave system to the LTM (the organizer)
Phonological loop
Responsible for processing auditory information
Visuospatial sketchpad
Responsible for processing visual and spatial information
Long-term memory
The storage (the encoding, maintenance and retrieval) of information over extended periods of time. It has virtually unlimited capacity and duration.
Short Term Memory
Holds small amounts of information for brief periods of time.
- Has a limited capacity/storage (5-9 items and duration of 30 seconds
Multi-store model
Stage 1:
- Info enters the sensory memory store where it is divided into subsystems, Ionic (Visual Stimulus) and Echoic (Auditory Information)
Stage 2:
- If we selectively attend to something from the sensory memory it enter the STM - where info is encoded (processed into the brain) acoustically (sound).
Stage 3:
- Rehearsing the info for long enough and it enters the LTM…
Sensory memory
The stage of memory that holds an exact copy of incoming information for just a few seconds.
Iconic memory
Visual Stimulus
Echoic memory
Auditory stimulus
Encoding
Processed into the brain
Levels of processing model
How well we remember info depends on how deeply we process it
Shallow encoding
This is structural/visual encoding - focuses on the physical characteristics
Ex: lines, edges and curves
Phenomics encoding
Auditory processing
Memory Consolidation
Any process by which the brain turns short-term memories into long-term memories
- Prolonged rehearsal is a form of this…
Deep encoding
When we make associations with the new info and our memories. Semantic encoding is a part of this deep processing (the meaning)
