Lesson 1

Question 1

Storage

Answer 1

How information is stored

Question 2

Retrieval

Answer 2

How information is remembered

Question 3

Explicit memory

Answer 3

Our LTM of facts and experiences we consciously know and can verbalize.
- This is further divided into Semantic memory and Episodic memory…

Question 4

Episodic memory

Answer 4

Personal experiences of events

Question 5

Semantic memory

Answer 5

Facts and Knowledge

Question 6

Implicit memory

Answer 6

Our LTM for skills and procedures to do things
- Whenever we are retrieving information from the LTM, two types of processing occurs, Automatic and Effortful…

Question 7

Automatic processing

Answer 7

Unconscious - Usually occurs with experience…
Ex: Driving to work everyday without conscious awareness of some of the journey

Question 8

Effortful processing

Answer 8

Conscious effort - Requires focus and attention…
Ex: Driving somewhere unfamiliar

Question 9

Procedural memory

Answer 9

Tasks we perform without thinking (Implicit LTM)

Question 10

Prospective memory

Answer 10

Remembering to perform an action at a certain time…
- An important aspect of our routine daily life
Ex: Remembering to take medicine after breakfast

Question 11

Long-term potentiation

Answer 11

The neurological underpinning of memory formation. (what’s going on in the brain during memory formation)
- a process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation - Makes learning and remembering easier

Question 12

Working memory model

Answer 12

How working memory uses multiple systems to process information into the LTM. As info enters the sensory memory, it is divided up into slave systems know as:
- Phonological loop
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Central executive

Question 13

Primary memory system

Answer 13

Initial memory stage - before LTM

Question 14

Central Executive

Answer 14

Processes information from the slave system to the LTM (the organizer)

Question 15

Phonological loop

Answer 15

Responsible for processing auditory information

Question 16

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 16

Responsible for processing visual and spatial information

Question 17

Long-term memory

Answer 17

The storage (the encoding, maintenance and retrieval) of information over extended periods of time. It has virtually unlimited capacity and duration.

Question 18

Short Term Memory

Answer 18

Holds small amounts of information for brief periods of time.
- Has a limited capacity/storage (5-9 items and duration of 30 seconds

Question 19

Multi-store model

Answer 19

Stage 1:
- Info enters the sensory memory store where it is divided into subsystems, Ionic (Visual Stimulus) and Echoic (Auditory Information)
Stage 2:
- If we selectively attend to something from the sensory memory it enter the STM - where info is encoded (processed into the brain) acoustically (sound).
Stage 3:
- Rehearsing the info for long enough and it enters the LTM…

Question 20

Sensory memory

Answer 20

The stage of memory that holds an exact copy of incoming information for just a few seconds.

Question 21

Iconic memory

Answer 21

Visual Stimulus

Question 22

Echoic memory

Answer 22

Auditory stimulus

Question 23

Encoding

Answer 23

Processed into the brain

Question 24

Levels of processing model

Answer 24

How well we remember info depends on how deeply we process it

Question 25

Shallow encoding

Answer 25

This is structural/visual encoding - focuses on the physical characteristics
Ex: lines, edges and curves

Question 26

Phenomics encoding

Answer 26

Auditory processing

Question 27

Memory Consolidation

Answer 27

Any process by which the brain turns short-term memories into long-term memories
- Prolonged rehearsal is a form of this…

Question 28

Deep encoding

Answer 28

When we make associations with the new info and our memories. Semantic encoding is a part of this deep processing (the meaning)