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FORESIC 2 > LESSON 2 (M.E) > Flashcards

LESSON 2 (M.E) Flashcards

1
Q

Aspects of Identification requiring scientific knowledge:

A

✓ Anthropometry

✓ Dental Identification (Forensic
Odontology)

✓ Identification of skeleton

✓ Determination of Sex

✓ Determination of Age

✓ DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Profiling

✓ Fingerprint Identification

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2
Q

-The science dealing with the measurement of the human body to determine differences in individuals and groups.

A

ANTHROPOMETRY

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3
Q

He believed that the size of the bones remains constant from adulthood until death.

A

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

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3
Q

was founded on the unchangeable nature of the human skeleton after the twentieth year of life

A

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

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4
Q

he noted that although the thigh bone continues to grow slightly after the twentieth year, it is compensated by the curving of the spine.

A

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

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5
Q

THE ELEVEN MEASUREMENTS IN BERTILLON’S ANTHROPOMETRICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

A

A. Height (standing)

B. Height (seated-base of spine to top of head)

C Reach (fingertip to fingertip with arms stretched out to sides)

D. Length of head

E Width of head

F. Length of right ear

G Width of face (across the cheekbones)

H. Length of left foot

  1. Length of left middle finger

J. Length of left little finger

K. Length of left forearm

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6
Q

-Personal Identification was introduced in 1890 as the first scientific method of identification.

A

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

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7
Q

Personal Identification was introduced in _____ as the first scientific method of identification.

A

1890

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8
Q

-He is known as the “Father of Personal Identification” and the “Father of Mug Shot Photography”

A

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

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9
Q

In ____ , things changed dramatically when Will West was brought into Leavenworth Prison to serve his sentence

A

1903

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10
Q

the value of fingerprint identification was established in the ____

A

United States

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11
Q
  • It is an identification in which a person is being identified through memory described the features and put into sketch
A

PORTRAIT PARLE

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12
Q
  • It is unreliable means since certain cases if twins would likely to occur and subject to wrong accusations.
A

PORTRAIT PARLE

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13
Q

(spoken picture) is a verbal, accurate and picturesque description of the person identified.

A

PORTRAIT PARLE

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14
Q

-is a branch of forensic medicine and, in the interests of justice, deals with the proper examination, handling, and presentation of dental evidence in a court of law.

A

DENTAL IDENTIFICATION (FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY)

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15
Q

is the one who studies forensic odontology

A

FORENSIC ODONTOLOGIST

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16
Q

THE WORK OF A FORENSIC ODONTOLOGIST COVERS THE FOLLOWING:

A

*Identification of unknown human remains through dental records and assisting at the scene of a mass disaster;

  • Age estimations of both living and deceased persons including neonatal remains;
  • Analysis of bite marks found on victims of attack;
  • Identification of bite marks in other substances such as wood, leather, and foodstuffs;
  • Analysis of weapon marks using the principles of bite-mark analysis.
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17
Q

HOW THE PROCESS OF DENTAL IDENTIFICATION GENERALLY WORKS?

A
  1. DENTAL RECORDS
  2. COMPARISON WITH ANTEMORTEM RECORDS
  3. RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
  4. UNIQUE DENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
  5. AGE ESTIMATION
  6. LIMITATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS
  7. MASS DISASTERS AND CRIMINAL CASES
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18
Q

-Individuals have unique dental features, such as dental fillings, crowns, bridges, and missing or impacted teeth.

A

DENTAL RECORDS

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19
Q

maintained by dentists, contain detailed information about a person’s dental history, treatments, and X-rays.

A

DENTAL RECORDS

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20
Q

-In cases of unknown or deceased individuals, forensic odontologists compare dental features found in postmortem remains with antemortem (pre-death) dental records.

A

COMPARISON WITH ANTEMORTEM RECORDS

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21
Q

-a.k.a _____ play a crucial role in dental identification.

A

RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS/ DENTAL X-RAY

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21
Q

-This process involves examining and matching characteristics like tooth morphology, dental restorations, and any peculiarities captured in X- rays.

A

COMPARISON WITH ANTEMORTEM RECORDS

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22
Q

The unique patterns and positions of teeth, as well as dental work like fillings and root canals, can be compared between antemortem and postmortem records.

A

RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

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23
Q

-Individual dental features, such as the shape and size of teeth, alignment, and anomalies, contribute to the uniqueness of a person’s dental profile.

A

UNIQUE DENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

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24
Q

-These characteristics aid in establishing a positive identification.

A

UNIQUE DENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

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25
Q

-Dental examination can also help estimate the age of an individual, which can be valuable in forensic cases where the age of the deceased is uncertain.

A

AGE ESTIMATION

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26
Q

-Dental identification is highly reliable, but it does have limitations.

A

LIMITATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS

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27
Q
  • It relies on the availability of accurate antemortem dental records.

-Additionally, dental characteristics may change over time due to dental procedures or natural factors.

A

LIMITATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS

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28
Q

means giving clues or remains

A

modus operandi

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29
Q

means before death

A

antemortem

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30
Q

-Dental identification becomes particularly crucial in mass disasters, accidents, or criminal cases where traditional means of identification are challenging.

-Dental remains are often well- preserved, providing valuable information for identification.

A

MASS DISASTERS AND CRIMINAL CASES

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31
Q

-This process utilizes various methods, including bone structure analysis, dental records comparison, and examination of unique features.

A

IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON

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32
Q
  • involves determining the identity of a person based on skeletal remains.
A

IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON

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33
Q

CARTOGRAPHICAL SKETCH today is known as

A

“COMPUTERIZED COMPOSITE”

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34
Q

PROCEDURE IN SKELETON EXAMINATION

A

A. BONE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
B. DENTAL COMPARISON
C. UNIQUE MARKERS

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34
Q

how many bones do we have?

A

206 bones

35
Q

Forensic anthropologists examine the size, shape, and structural characteristics of bones.

A

BONE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

36
Q

is the person who studies the bone structure of a person

A

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGISTS

37
Q

Dental records are compared to dental features present in the skeletal remains

A

DENTAL COMPARISON

38
Q

Any distinctive features, injuries, or anomalies in the skeleton are considered for identification.

A

UNIQUE MARKERS

39
Q

-The determination individual’s sex involves methods, each serving purposes of an various different purposes

A

DETERMINATION OF SEX

40
Q

HERE ARE SOME TESTS COMMONLY USED FOR SEX DETERMINATION:

A

✓ SOCIAL TEST
✓ GENITAL TEST
✓ GONADAL TEST
✓ CHROMOSOMAL TEST

41
Q

-This test involves observing external factors such as dress, hairstyle, and general bodily shape, which often provide immediate and accurate clues about an individual’s sex.

A

SOCIAL TEST

42
Q

-This test focuses on the examination of genitalia.

A

GENITAL TEST

43
Q

-The presence of a penis generally indicates a male, while its absence, along with the presence of a vaginal opening indicates a female.

A

GENITAL TEST

44
Q
  • This physical observation is one of the primary ways to distinguish between the sexes.
A

GENITAL TEST

45
Q

-This test involves identifying the presence of specific reproductive organs.

A

GONADAL TEST

46
Q

-In males, the presence of testes is indicative, while in females, the presence of ovaries is considered.

A

GONADAL TEST

47
Q
  • This test involves internal examination of the gonads.
A

GONADAL TEST

48
Q

-This test involves analyzing the individual’s chromosomal composition, typically through techniques such as karyotyping.

A

CHROMOSOMAL TEST

49
Q
  • The presence of XY chromosomes is associated with males, and XX chromosomes are associated with females
A

CHROMOSOMAL TEST

50
Q

HIGHLY PROBABLE EVIDENCE OF SEX:

A

✔ Possession of vagina, uterus and accessories in female, and penis in male.

✓ Presence of developed and large breasts in female.

✓ Muscular development and distribution of fat in the body.

51
Q

CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE:

A

-Presence of ovary in female and testes in males.

52
Q

involves considering various physical and developmental indicators.

A

DETERMINATION OF AGE:

53
Q

HERE ARE SOME COMMONLY USED FACTORS OF DETERMINATION OF AGE

A

A. GROWTH OF PUBIC HAIR, BEARD, AND MUSTACHE:

B. CHANGES IN THE BREAST:

C. DEVELOPMENT OF THE VOICE

D. CHANGES IN HAIR COLOR

E. MENSTRUATION IN WOMEN

54
Q

Pubic hair typically starts to appear around the ages of ____ for females and ____ for males.

A

ages of 13 for females and 14 for males

54
Q

-The growth of pubic hair, as well as the development of beard and mustache, can provide clues about an individual’s age.

A

GROWTH OF PUBIC HAIR, BEARD, AND MUSTACHE

55
Q

particularly in females, are significant markers of development.

A

CHANGES IN THE BREAST

55
Q

Mustache and beard development are more noticeable in males around the ages of ______

A

16 to 18

55
Q

-Breast development typically occurs around the ages of ____

A

13 to 14

55
Q

-The deepening of the voice is a characteristic change during puberty.

A

DEVELOPMENT OF THE VOICE

56
Q

-This change is more noticeable in males and typically occurs around the ages of 16 to 18.

A

DEVELOPMENT OF THE VOICE

57
Q

such as graying, can be indicative of aging

A

CHANGES IN HAIR COLOR

58
Q

-Hair may start turning gray around the age of 40, and pubic hair may also show signs of graying around the age of 50.

A

CHANGES IN HAIR COLOR

59
Q

-Onset of menstruation in females is a crucial marker of puberty and typically occurs around the age of 12, especially in warmer climates.

A

MENSTRUATION IN WOMEN

59
Q

Hair may start turning gray around the age of ____, and pubic hair may also show signs of graying around the age of ____.

A

40
50

60
Q

Onset of menstruation in females is a crucial marker of puberty and typically occurs around the age of ___, especially in warmer climates.

A

12

61
Q

also known as DNA FINGERPRINTING OR DNA TESTING

A

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) PROFILING

62
Q

-is a forensic technique used to identify individuals based on their unique genetic makeup.

A

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) PROFILING

63
Q

the genetic material found in cells, contains unique sequences that differ among individuals, except in the case of identical twins.

A

DNA

64
Q

involves analyzing specific regions of an individual’s DNA to create a unique profile that can be used for identification purposes.

A

DNA profiling

65
Q

KEY STEPS IN DNA PROFILING:

A

A. SAMPLE COLLECTION

B. DNA EXTRACTION

C. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

D. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

E. DNA ANALYSIS

F. DATABASE COMPARISON

66
Q

-DNA samples can be collected from various biological materials, such as blood, saliva, hair, semen, or tissues.

A

SAMPLE COLLECTION

67
Q

-The quality and quantity of the sample are critical for accurate profiling.

A

SAMPLE COLLECTION

68
Q

-The collected sample undergoes a process of _____ to isolate the DNA from other cellular components.

A

DNA EXTRACTION

69
Q

-This step is essential for obtaining a pure DNA sample for analysis.

A

DNA EXTRACTION

70
Q
  • is used to selectively replicate specific regions of the DNA
A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

71
Q

-This technique amplifies the DNA, making it easier to analyze, especially when the initial sample is small or degraded.

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

71
Q

-The amplified DNA fragments are separated based on size using ______

A

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

71
Q

-This step produces a distinctive pattern of bands that represents the individual’s DNA profile.

A

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

71
Q

-The pattern obtained from gel electrophoresis is then analyzed to identify specific DNA markers, usually short tandem repeats (STRs) or variable number tandem repeats (VNTRS).

A

DNA ANALYSIS

72
Q
  • The number of repeats at each marker varies between individuals.
A

DNA ANALYSIS

73
Q

-The obtained DNA profile can be compared with profiles stored in DNA databases, helping to identify or exclude potential matches.

A

DATABASE COMPARISON

74
Q

-This comparison is crucial in criminal investigations and paternity testing.

A

DATABASE COMPARISON

75
Q

APPLICATIONS OF DNA PROFILING:

A

A. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS

B. PATERNITY TESTING

C. FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION

D. ANCESTRY TESTING

75
Q

-DNA profiling is utilized for _____ to confirm biological relationships between individuals.

A

PATERNITY TESTING

76
Q

-DNA profiling is widely used in criminal cases to link suspects to crime scenes, identify victims, and exclude innocent individuals.

A

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS

77
Q

-In mass disasters or accidents, DNA profiling helps in identifying human remains when other methods may not be feasible.

A

FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION

78
Q

-Commercial DNA testing services use profiling to provide insights into an individual’s genetic ancestry and heritage.

A

ANCESTRY TESTING

FORESIC 2 (6 decks)

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