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FORESIC 2 > LESSON 1 (M.E) > Flashcards

LESSON 1 (M.E) Flashcards

1
Q

-fastest way to identify the identity of a person

A

FINGERPRINTING

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2
Q

-accepted/conclusive as a means of identification

A

FINGERPRINTING

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2
Q

3 DOGMATIC PRINCIPLE (IPI)

A

INFALLIBILITY
PERMANENCY
INDIVIDUALITY

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2
Q
  • hardest bone in our body
A

ENAMEL

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3
Q

3 FAMOUS IDENTIFICATION (FOA)

A

FINGERPRINTING
ODONTOLOGY
ANTHROPOMETRY

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4
Q

-is the process of establishing the unique characteristics or individuality of a person or object.

A

IDENTIFICATION

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5
Q

the process involves confirming and defining the unique characteristics or traits that belong to a specific individual.

A

personal identification/ identification

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6
Q

It’s about distinguishing one person from others based on their particular qualities, such as ____, ____ and ____

A

FINGERPRINTS, FACIAL FEATURES, OR OTHER DISTINCTIVE ATTRIBUTES

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7
Q

The aim is to establish a clear and reliable means of recognizing and differentiating one individual from the rest, ensuring accurate identification in various scenarios, from legal matters to security measures.

A

personal identification/ identification

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8
Q

In the past, people have used various methods to distinguish themselves from others. Ancient tribes practiced _____, where they cut or mutilated their bodies to create unique designs from the resulting scars.

A

SCARIFICATION

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9
Q

_______ used TATTOOS for identification over 2000 years ago, and _______ marked slaves to identify them.

A

EGYPTIANS AND ROMANS

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10
Q

Before the Industrial Revolution, _______ was a common way to identify criminals, with specific symbols for different offenses.

A

BRANDING

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11
Q

involved using a red-hot iron to mark the guilty party, often on the shoulder or hand

A

BRANDING

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12
Q

_________ AND ____ were also used as punishment and identification, such as drilling a hole through an earlobe or cutting off the ears or hands.

A

AMPUTATION AND MUTILATION

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12
Q

As society evolved, the need for identifying criminals persisted. To address the challenge of accurately describing and identifying individuals, authorities turned to scientific methods. They sought ways to measure describe a characteristics person’s traits uniquely, leading or and to the development of anthropometry and portrait parlé by __________

A

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

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12
Q

_____ might be branded with the letter M
_____ with V
_____ with T, and
_____ with A.

A

MURDERERS
VAGABONDS
THIEVES
ADULTERESSES

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13
Q

These methods aimed to provide more precise and scientific ways of identifying individuals beyond traditional and often painful practices like branding and mutilation.

A

the development of anthropometry and portrait parlé by ALPHONSE BERTILLON

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13
Q

is considered as the “FATHER OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION” due to his scientific method of “Anthropometric measurement”

A

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

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14
Q

IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING A PERSON

A
  • In the context of criminal proceedings, it is crucial to establish the identity of both the offender and the victim. Failure to do so may result in the dismissal of charges or the acquittal of the accused.
  • Additionally, identifying a missing or presumed-dead person is essential for matters like estate settlement, retirement, insurance claims, and other social benefits.
  • Identification is also significant in various day-to-day transactions. Examples include cashing checks, entering premises, delivering parcels or registered mail at the post office, property sales, releasing deceased bodies to relatives, and in formal contracts. In these instances, confirming the identity of individuals involved is essential for security, legality, and overall smooth conduct of the transaction or process.
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15
Q

RULES IN PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

A
  1. LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE IN IDENTIFICATION
  2. VARIATION IN THE VALUE OF IDENTIFICATION POINTS:
  3. TIME INTERVAL AND EXPERT INVOLVEMENT:
  4. TIMELINESS IN IDENTIFICATION
  5. ABSENCE OF RIGID RULES:
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16
Q

The probability of a correct conclusion increases with the greater number of points of similarities and dissimilarities when comparing two individuals.

A

LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE IN IDENTIFICATION

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17
Q

These rules guide the process of personal identification, emphasizing the importance of multiple points of evidence, considering the significance of different identification factors, recognizing the role of experts, and highlighting the need for timely actions in specific situations.

A

LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE IN IDENTIFICATION

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18
Q

The significance of different identification points varies when forming a conclusion. Certain characteristics or traits may carry more weight in the overall identification process.

A

VARIATION IN THE VALUE OF IDENTIFICATION POINTS

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19
Q

DENTAL RECORDS AND DNA may carry more weight in establishing identity compared to clothing, as they are often more unique and less susceptible to alteration over time.

A

VARIATION IN THE VALUE OF IDENTIFICATION POINTS

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20
Q

The longer the time between a person’s death and the examination of remains for identification purposes, the greater the need for expert involvement. EXPERTS play a crucial role in establishing identity, particularly when a considerable interval has passed.

A

TIME INTERVAL AND EXPERT INVOLVEMENT

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21
Q

Due to the significant time gap and the complexity of decomposition, forensic experts specializing in anthropology, odontology, and DNA analysis are essential. Their expertise becomes crucial in overcoming the challenges posed by the interval between death and examination

A

TIME INTERVAL AND EXPERT INVOLVEMENT

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22
Q

In cases of decomposition or mass disasters, the identification team must act swiftly. The timely collection of evidence and initiation of identification procedures are crucial to preserving critical information and preventing further degradation of the remains.

A

TIMELINESS IN IDENTIFICATION

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23
Q

The identification team adapts their approach based on the unique circumstances of the case. There is no one-size-fits-all rule, and flexibility in the application of different identification methods is necessary.

A

ABSENCE OF RIGID RULES

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24
Q

METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION

A
  1. BY COMPARISON
  2. BY EXCLUSION
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25
Q

-This method involves comparing information obtained during an investigation with existing records.

A

BY COMPARISON

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26
Q

investigators may compare details found at a crime scene with records in a file or match postmortem findings with pre-existing records.

A

BY COMPARISON

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27
Q

-When trying to identify multiple individuals and all but one are already known, the remaining person can be identified by the process of elimination.

A

BY EXCLUSION

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28
Q

FIRST KNOWN METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION

A
  1. TATTOO MARKS
  2. SCARIFICATION
29
Q

—traditional method of identification

A

TATTOO MARKS

30
Q

Ancient tribes used tattoos to symbolize their clan and family. While it served as a form of decoration, it wasn’t a reliable means of identification because tattoos could be copied, altered, or damaged.

A

TATTOO MARKS

31
Q

-involves intentionally cutting or wounding parts of the body, resulting in scars that form distinct patterns over time. These patterns serve as a means of identification.

A

SCARIFICATION

32
Q

BASIS OF HUMAN IDENTIFICATION:

A
  1. LAYMAN-BASED IDENTIFICATION
  2. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE-BASED IDENTIFICATION
33
Q

-No specific instruments or complex procedures are needed.

A

LAYMAN-BASED IDENTIFICATION

33
Q

-This involves method identification techniques that can be used by ordinary people without any special training or skills.

A

LAYMAN-BASED IDENTIFICATION

34
Q

-Identification under this category relies on scientific knowledge and is carried out by trained individuals with expertise gained through experience and observation.

A

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE-BASED IDENTIFICATION

35
Q
  • The process is often based on comparisons or exclusions.
A

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE-BASED IDENTIFICATION

36
Q

ORDINARY METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION AND ITS POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION

A
  1. CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY EASILY BE CHANGED:
  2. CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY NOT EASILY BE CHANGED:
37
Q

refer to observable features and lifestyle choices that individuals can modify relatively easily. These aspects are not consistent or permanent identifiers for recognizing a person over an extended period.

A

CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY EASILY BE CHANGED:

38
Q

CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY EASILY BE CHANGED

A
  1. GROWTH OF HAIR
  2. BEARD OR MUSTACHE
  3. CLOTHING
  4. FREQUENT PLACE OF VISIT
  5. GRADE OF PROFESSION
  6. BODY ORNAMENTATIONS
39
Q

-The length, style, or color of a person’s hair, which can be altered frequently.

A

GROWTH OF HAIR

40
Q

-The presence, absence, or style of facial hair that individuals can change as part of their grooming routine.

A

BEARD OR MUSTACHE

41
Q

-The choice of attire, which can vary widely and be easily modified to reflect different preferences or circumstances.

A

CLOTHING

41
Q
  • The locations an individual regularly attends, which can change due to lifestyle adjustments or personal decisions.
A

FREQUENT PLACE OF VISIT

41
Q

-The level or nature of one’s occupation, which can be subject to change through career advancements, transitions, or shifts in expertise

A

GRADE OF PROFESSION

42
Q

-Decorations such as tattoos, piercings, or accessories that can be added, removed, or altered according to personal preferences.

A

BODY ORNAMENTATIONS

43
Q

CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY NOT EASILY BE CHANGED:

A
  1. MENTAL MEMORY
  2. SPEECH
  3. GAIT
  4. MANNERISM
  5. CHANGES IN COMPLEXION IN THE EYES
  6. LEFT OR RIGHT-HANDEDNESS
  7. DEGREE OF NUTRITION
44
Q
  • also known as cognitive memory
A

MENTAL MEMORY

45
Q

-refers to the processes involved in storing, retaining and recalling information in the mind.

A

MENTAL MEMORY

45
Q
  • involves the ability to produce vocal sounds and communicate using language.
A

SPEECH

46
Q

-It encompasses articulation, fluency, voice quality, and language expression.

A

SPEECH

47
Q
  • refers to the pattern of movement when walking or running.

-It involves coordination, balance, and the integration of various muscle groups.

A

GAIT

48
Q

TYPES/ ABNORMALITIES OF GAIT

A

ATAXIC GAIT
CEREBELLAR GAIT
COW’S GAIT
PARETIC GAIT
SPASTIC GAIT
FESTINATING GAIT
FROG GAIT
WADDLING GAIT

49
Q
  • Uncoordinated and clumsy walking pattern, often characterized by a wide base and irregular step
A

ATAXIC GAIT

50
Q

Associated Conditions for ataxic gait

A

ATAXIA

51
Q

which can be caused by damage to the cerebellum or sensory pathways.

A

ATAXIA

52
Q
  • Similar to ataxic gait, it involves unsteady and staggering movements, typically due to dysfunction in the cerebellum
A

CEREBELLAR GAIT

52
Q

Associated Conditions for Cerebellar gait

A

Cerebellar disorders affecting coordination and balance.

53
Q
  • A stiff and awkward gait resembling the way a cow walks.
A

COW’S GAIT

54
Q

Associated Conditions for cow’s gait

A

musculoskeletal or neurological disorders

55
Q
  • A weak and unsteady gait resulting from muscle weakness or paralysis.
A

PARETIC GAIT

56
Q

Associated Conditions for paretic gait

A

stroke or peripheral neuropathy.

57
Q
  • Stiff, jerky movements with a dragging or scissoring of the legs, often due to increased muscle tone.
A

SPASTIC GAIT

58
Q

Associated Conditions for spastic gait

A

Spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, or other conditions affecting the central nervous system.

59
Q
  • Short, shuffling steps with an increasing pace, often seen in Parkinson’s disease.
A

FESTINATING GAIT

60
Q

Associated Conditions for festinating gait

A

Parkinsonism

61
Q

a group of neurological disorders with symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease.

A

Parkinsonism

62
Q
  • Walking pattern resembling the hopping movements of a frog.
A

FROG GAIT

62
Q

is a brain condition that causes problems with movement, mental health, sleep, pain and other health issues.

A

PARKINSON DISEASE (PD)

63
Q

Associated Conditions for frog gait

A

hip or knee joint problems.

64
Q
  • A swaying or rocking gait with a side-to-side motion, resembling the walking pattern of a duck.
A

WADDLING GAIT

65
Q

Associated Conditions for waddling gait

A

hip dysplasia or muscular dystrophy

66
Q
  • refers to distinctive behavioral traits or habits that are often specific to an individual.
A

MANNERISM

67
Q

-These can include gestures, facial expressions, and idiosyncratic behaviors.

A

MANNERISM

68
Q
  • could refer to alterations in the color, clarity, or appearance of the eyes.

-This might be related to health conditions, emotions, or external factors.

A

CHANGES IN COMPLEXION IN THE EYES

69
Q

-refers to the preference for using either the left or right hand for activities requiring precision and coordination.

A

LEFT OR RIGHT-HANDEDNESS

70
Q
  • person who can use his left and right hand
A

AMBIDEXTROUS

71
Q
  • refers to the overall nutritional status of an individual, which is influenced by dietary habits, intake of essential nutrients, and overall health.
A

DEGREE OF NUTRITION

FORESIC 2 (6 decks)

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