LESSON 2 Flashcards
large organic
cellular components abundantly obtained
naturally and are responsible for a variety of
essential functions for the growth and survival of living organisms.
biological macromolecules
substances that contain carbon (C)
organic compounds
provide the key structural framework that generates the vast diversity of
organic compounds.
carbon atoms
All things on Earth (and most likely elsewhere in the
universe) that can be described as living have a crucial dependence on ________ ___________.
organic compounds
examples of organic compounds
fats
proteins
carbohydrates
hemoglobin
chlorophyll
enzymes
hormones
vitamins
Macromolecules are ___________.
POLYMERS
are large molecules made up of monomers.
Polymers
formed by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks.
Polymers
The word polymer comes from the Greek word for “_____ _____.” Each of those parts is what scientists call a monomer (which in
Greek means “___ ______”).
many parts
one part
4 biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
include sugars
and starches, contain carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. With slight
variations, the hydrogen and oxygen
atoms appear in the same ratio as in
water; that is, two hydrogen atoms to
one oxygen atom.
Carbohydrates
3 types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
- Simple sugars
- Single-chain or single-ring structures,
containing from three to seven carbon atoms.
Monosaccharides
examples of Monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose.
- Double Sugars
- When two simple sugars are joined.
Disaccharides
examples of Disaccharides
- sucrose (glucose-fructose)
- lactose (glucose-galactose)
- maltose (glucose-glucose)
- Long, branching chains of linked simple sugars.
- Lacks sweetness due to its large size
Polysaccharides
examples of Polysaccharides
Starch and Glycogen; Cellulose and Chitin
are a large and diverse group of
organic compounds.
Lipids
Lipids enter the
body in the form of _________ _____,
___ _____, _____ _________, and _____.
fat-marbled meats
egg yolks
milk products
oils
In lipids, _____ and _________ atoms
far outnumber ______ atoms.
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
3 types of Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
- Neutral fats
- Composed of fatty acids and glycerol, has more carbon and hydrogen than oxygen.
Triglycerides
examples of Triglycerides
trans fats
omega-3
oils
butter margarine
- Similar with triglycerides, but differ in
phosphorus-containing group - Composed of fatty acids and glycerol, has
polarity, and is considered water- and fat-soluble.
Phospholipids
example of Phospholipids
found in cell membranes
- Fat soluble
- Flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings; thus,
their structure differs quite a bit from that of fats
Steroids
example of Steroids
Cholesterol
Account for over 50 percent of the
organic matter in the body, and they
have the most varied functions of the organic molecules.
Has two types based on overall shape
and structure, either fibrous or globular
proteins.
Proteins
2 major structural classifications of Proteins
- Fibrous proteins
- Globular proteins
- Also called structural proteins
- Appear most often in body structures and are very
important in binding structures and providing strength.
Fibrous Protein
examples of Fibrous Protein
Keratin
Collagen
- mobile, generally compact, spherical
molecules. - these water-soluble proteins play crucial roles in
virtually all biological processes.
Globular Protein
examples of Globular Protein
Antibodies, Hormones, Enzymes
Functions of Proteins
- enzyme catalyst
- defense (antibodies)
- transport
- support (structure-wise)
- motion
- regulation (hormones)
- storage
make up the genes, which provide
the basic blueprint of life.
Nucleic Acids
bases of Nucleic Acids
- adenine (A)
- guanine (G)
- cytosine (C)
- thymine (T)
- uracil (U)
three major kinds of nucleic acid
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP).
- genetic material found within the cell nucleus (the control center of the cell).
- Made up of a double chain of nucleotides.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- ensure genetic information is identical
before replication - provides the instructions for building every
protein in the body.
roles of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- located outside the nucleus and can be
considered the “molecular slave” of DNA. - A single strand of nucleotide.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
carries the information for building
the protein from the DNA genes to the ribosomes.
Messenger RNA
ferries amino acids to the ribosomes.
Transfer RNA
forms part of the ribosomes.
Ribosomal RNA
- The chemical energy provider that all body cells use.
- Without this, molecules cannot be made or broken down, cells cannot maintain their boundaries, and all life processes grind to a halt
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
