LESSON 1 Flashcards
a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital
processes. Biology encompasses diverse fields, including botany,
conservation, ecology, evolution, genetics, marine biology, medicine,
microbiology, molecular biology, physiology, and zoology.
Biology
the study of living things
biology
the science of life
biology
come in an astounding variety of shapes and forms, and biologists
study life in many different ways.
living things
Before Aristotle, many
Greek philosophers had
speculated about the
origins of the Earth and
of Life, but their
theorizing was
unsupported by
empirical investigation
ANTIQUITY
Middle ages brought a
decline in the Roman
Empire and the
disappearance of
knowledge, but Renaissance
expanded interest in both
empirical natural history
and physiology.
RENAISSANCE
This covers 17th to 18th
century. Systematizing,
naming and classifying
dominated natural
history throughout
much of the 17th and
18th centuries.
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
Biology advanced in
many ways, including
the establishment of
evolutionary theory,
cell theory, and the
laws of heredity.
19th CENTURY
In the 20th century, biology
focused on molecular
biology, genetics, and the
application of mathematics
and information theory.
MODERN DAYS
- Greek Philosopher
- Pioneered Zoology
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
- First to classify living things
- Divided the plants into herbs,
shrubs, trees, and animals into
land dwellers, water dwellers,
and air dwellers
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Greek physician who described
the anatomy of the human
body based on dissections of
apes and pigs.
Claudius Galen (131-200 AD)
showed that arteries carry
blood
Claudius Galen (131-200 AD)
- Father of Modern Anatomy
- He pioneered the comparative
approach
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
A Belgian who made the first
studies on human anatomy by
dissecting corpses “De Humani
Corporis Fabrica”.
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
English physician who showed
conclusively that the heart
pumps the blood and the blood
circulates.
William Harvey (1578-1657)
proved the principle that
structure and function must be
studied together.
William Harvey (1578-1657)
Italian physician and anatomist
who was the founder of
microscopic anatomy.
Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)
discovered capillaries and red
blood cells.
Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)
observed the microscopic
components of the liver, brain,
kidneys, spleen, bone, and the
Malpighian layer
Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)
A Dutch cloth merchant who
was the first to use the
microscope with great
observational and descriptive
skills.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1694)
His most important discoveries
were microorganisms (including
bacteria), sperm cells and
single-celled organisms called
protozoans
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1694)
Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Swedish biologist who
developed binomial
nomenclature to classify and
organize plants and animals
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
Austrian biologist who
developed the principles of
heredity by studying the
variation and heredity of seven
pairs of inherited
characteristics in pea plants
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
- An English naturalist
- The most prominent figure in
the history of biology.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
- His book “Origin of Species”
(1859) presents the theory of
evolution by natural selection. - His work provided a unifying,
organizing framework for the
field of biology.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
BASIC PROPERTIES OF LIFE
- Order
- Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli
- Reproduction
- Adaptation
- Growth and Development
- Regulation and Homeostasis
- Energy Processing
- Evolution
Organisms are highly organized,
coordinated structures that
consist of one or more cells. Even
very simple, single-celled
organisms are remarkably
complex.
Order
Organisms respond to diverse
stimuli. Movement toward a
stimulus is considered a positive
response, while movement away
from a stimulus is considered a
negative response.
Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli
When reproduction occurs, genes
containing DNA are passed along to
an organism’s offspring. These
genes ensure that the offspring will
belong to the same species and will
have similar characteristics, such as
size and shape.
Reproduction
All living organisms exhibit a “fit”
to their environment. It is a
consequence of evolution by
natural selection, which operates
in every lineage of reproducing
organisms.
Adaptation
Organisms grow and develop
following specific instructions
coded for by their genes. These
genes provide instructions that
will direct cellular growth and
development.
Growth and Development
Even the smallest organisms are
complex and require multiple
regulatory mechanisms to
coordinate internal functions,
maintain internal condition,
respond to stimuli, and cope with
environmental stresses.
Regulation and Homeostasis
All organisms use a source of
energy, whether capturing it from
the sun or converting food to
energy, for their metabolic
activities.
Energy Processing
The diversity of life on Earth is a
result of mutation or random
changes in hereditary material
over time. These mutations allow
the possibility for organisms to
adapt to a changing environment.
Evolution
the mathematical
and experimental technique employed in
the sciences. More specifically, it is the
technique used in the construction and
testing of a scientific hypothesis.
Scientific Method
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
- Make an Observation
- Ask a Question
- Form a Hypothesis
- Test the Hypothesis
- Analyze your Data
- Share your Results
Scientific inquiry begins
with observation.
Make an Observation
Science inquiry involves
asking questions and
processing information
from a variety of reliable
sources.
Ask a Question
- A hypothesis is a testable
explanation of a situation. - When a hypothesis is
supported by data from
additional investigations,
usually it is considered
valid and is accepted by
the scientific community.
Form a Hypothesis
- Experiment tests whether
your prediction is accurate
and thus your hypothesis
is supported or not. - It needs to be a fair test.
- You conduct a fair test by
making sure that you
change only one factor at
a time while keeping all
other conditions the same.
Test a Hypothesis
Once your experiment is
complete, you collect your
measurements and analyze
them to see if they
support your hypothesis or
not.
Analyze your Data
- Share your results to form
new hypotheses. - If the reviewers agree on
the merit of the paper,
then the paper is
published for review by
the public and used by
other scientists.
Share your Results
How do we showcase the diversity of life?
BIODIVERSITY
refers to all of the
variety of life that
exists on Earth.
Biological diversity or biodiversity
Biodiversity can be
described and
measured at three
different levels:
______, ________,
and ________
_________.
species
genetic
ecosystem diversity
How do we classify living things?
Taxonomy
The science
of classifying organisms is called ___________.
taxonomy
________________ is
an important step in understanding the present diversity and
past evolutionary history of life on Earth. It helps make sense
of the overwhelming diversity of living things.
Classification
- developed by
Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s. - grouping organisms that shared obvious
morphological traits, such as the number of legs or
shape of leaves.
Linnaean Classification
He tried to classify all living things that were known at his time.
Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s
gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name consisting of the genus name followed by a specific species identifier.
Binomial Nomenclature
Homo sapiens
wise human
Linnaean Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Linnaean Classification mnemonic
D’ King Philip Came Over From Germany Sober
a taxon that is larger and more inclusive than the
kingdom.
Domain
the three domains of life on Earth
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
- Single-celled organisms
that lacks nucleus - E. coli, Streptococcus, Bacillus
BACTERIA
- Single-celled organisms
that lacks nucleus - methanogens, halophiles, archaeal thermophiles
ARCHAEA
- Single-celled or multi-
celled organisms that
contains nucleus - Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
EUKARYA
a taxonomy rank that is below domain and above
phylum. In other words, it is a broad classification of organisms
according to their characteristics.
Kingdom
There are 6 kingdoms namely:
- Animalia
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Protista
- Eubacteria
- Archaebacteria
Multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls and rely on movement for survival (e.g., humans, insects, fish).
Animalia
Multicellular, autotrophic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose; they perform photosynthesis (e.g., trees, flowers, grasses).
Plantae
Mostly multicellular (some unicellular), heterotrophic organisms with cell walls made of chitin; they decompose organic matter (e.g., mushrooms, mold, yeast).
Fungi
A diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms that don’t fit into other kingdoms; some are autotrophic, others heterotrophic (e.g., algae, amoeba, paramecium).
Protista
True bacteria; unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls, found in diverse environments (e.g., E. coli, Streptococcus).
Eubacteria
Ancient bacteria; unicellular prokaryotes without peptidoglycan in their cell walls, often found in extreme environments (e.g., Methanogens, Halophiles).
Archaebacteria
