CELL REPRODUCTION Flashcards
a process by which cells duplicate their
contents and then divide to yield
multiple cells with similar, if not
duplicate contents.
Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction is a fundamental process to ______ ______.
create life
Cell reproduction is a fundamental process to create life, occurring in all forms of it, ensuring the perpetuity of their existence, as well as ______, _______ _________, and __________ in multicellular organisms.
growth, tissue replacement, reproduction
cell reproduction is also known as _______ _______
cell division
the stage in the cell cycle where each cell divides to form two daughter cells
cell reproduction or cell division
3 BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF CELL REPRODUCTION
Binary Fission
Meiosis
Mitosis
the process in
which one cell, called the parent
cell, divides to form two new
daughter cells.
Cell Division
How this happens depends on whether the cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Cell Division
How the cell division happen depends on whether the cell is _________ or _________.
prokaryotic, eukaryotic
In prokaryotic cells, it is very _______.
Simple
(BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF CELL REPRODUCTION)
Happens in Prokaryotes
Binary Fission
(BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF CELL REPRODUCTION)
Happens in Eukaryotes
Meiosis and Mitosis
the life cycle of the cell
Cell Cycle
it is the series of growth and development steps a cell undergoes between its “birth” -formation by the division of a mother cell and reproduction - division to make two new daughter cells.
Cell Cycle
showcase how division happen from the birth or its formation to dividing it into two daughter cells
Cell Cycle
To divide, a cell must complete
_______ _________ _______
several important tasks
To divide, a cell must complete
several important tasks: (3)
- it must grow
- copy its genetic material (DNA)
- and physically split into two daughter cells.
In eukaryotic cells, or cells with a
nucleus, the stages of the cell
cycle are divided into _____ major
phases
two
TWO MAJOR PHASES OF CELL CYCLE
Interphase
Mitotic phase (M)
longest process in the division
interphase
the entire division process
mitosis
“first gap phase”
G1 Phase
phase wherein the cell grows
physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.
G1 Phase
G1 Phase major activities are:
protein synthesis and organelle production
“Growth 1”
G1 Phase
Phase that focuses on organelle production and duplication
G1 Phase
in this phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus.
S Phase
(S Phase)
It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the ________. The ________ help separate DNA during ___ phase.
Centrosome, centrosome, m
phase where we synthesize a complete copy of DNA in its nucleus
S Phase
Duplicating the DNA phase
S Phase
“second gap phase”
G2 Phase
Phase wherein the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis.
G2 Phase
G2 phase ends when _____ begins
mitosis
Ensures DNA is completely and
accurately replicated
G2 Phase
Reorganizing/rechecking phase
G2 Phase
During G2 phase, if the cell’s content is incomplete, it will ____________.
go back to the process
During G2 Phase, if the cell’s content is complete, it may proceed to the __ _______
M Phase
The last phase after the interphase
M phase
The phase where the cell divides
M Phase
phase wherein the cell divides its copied
DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells.
M phase
M phase involves two distinct division-related processes:
Mitosis and cytokinesis
“resting phase”
G0 Phase
Phase when the growth stops
G0 Phase
phase also called as “cell coma” (note: sir jei’s reference only)
G0 Phase
phase wherein a cell is not actively preparing to divide, it’s just doing its job.
G0 Phase
G0 is a permanent state for some cells, while
others may re-start division if they get the ______ ________.
right signals
The period between two consecutive
mitoses is called __________.
Interphase
In interphase, the cell prepares for ________, it duplicates its _____ and takes the necessary internal and external measures
to successfully undergo the process.
reproduction, DNA
Phase wherein a cell divides into two daughter cells that can then divide again, creating a cycle of cell division.
Interphase
Phase wherein the nuclear envelope starts to break down, gradually dissolving.
Prophase
_____ is the phase wherein ________ undergoes progressive condensation due to supercoiling, resulting in the formation of ________.
Prophase, chromatin, chromosomes
(Process of Prophase)
(1)_______ _______ of nucleus
(2) Chromatin _______
(3) ______ of Chromosomes
(4) _________ duplicates.
(5) Microtubules ___________.
(1) breaking down
(2) condenses
(3) formation
(4) centrosome
(5) formed
prophase
after the centrosome duplicates, each one moves to one of the _____ _____, where
__________ are formed.
cell’s ends, microtubules
phase wherein the chromosomes align at the cell’s equator during metaphase, with the
fibers of the mitotic spindle.
Metaphase
Metaphase is the phase wherein the chromosomes align at the cell’s
equator during metaphase, with the
fibers of the ________ _________.
mitotic spindle
Microtubules attach to each
________ of the ________.
centromere, chromosomes
_________ attach to each
centromere of the chromosomes.
Microtubules
during this phase, the two copies of chromosome separates
Metaphase
It is the crucial phase of mitosis
Anaphase
the phase when the distribution of
the original genetic information occurs.
Anaphase
anaphase
Phase wherein the two groups of
chromosome (which are identical) ______ ______.
move apart
In Anaphase, the two groups of chromosomes (which are identical) move apart thanks to the ______ toward opposite ______ of the cell.
microtubules, poles
anaphase
Each set of genetic information
concentrates around a _______.
centrosome
the pulling away phase of chromosomes to one another
Anaphase
phase wherein microtubules that aided in
the migration of the two groups
of chromosomes disappear.
Telophase
In telophase, the __________ start to
decondense, exposing the _____ and
initiating the processes characteristic
of an independent cell.
chromosomes, DNA
The phase wherein two new nuclear envelopes begin to form, each containing the information
for each new cell.
Telophase
In telophase, the two new _______ ________begin to form, each containing the information
for each new cell.
nuclear envelopes
It involves the physical separation of the
cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis
In Cytokinesis, a contractile ring composed
of _____ and _______ ___________
forms, constricting the cell and creating
a structure resembling an hourglass.
actin, myosin, microfilaments
(Cytokinesis)
A _______ ________ forms, ultimately
separating the two daughter cells,
each with the same number of
chromosomes as the ________ ____.
cleavage furrow, parent cell
