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LESSON 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How the drug affects the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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2
Q

How the body affects the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

is the study of the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs that enter those systems.

A

Pharmacodynamics

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4
Q

Drugs usually works in one of four ways, what are they?

A
  1. To replace or act as substitutes for missing chemicals.
  2. To increase or stimulate certain cellular activities.
  3. To depress or slow cellular activities.
  4. To interfere with the functioning of foreign cells, such as invading microorganisms or neoplasms leading to cell death
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5
Q

Drugs that invade microorganisms that leads to cell death are called?

A

Chemothrapeutic agents

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6
Q

specific areas on cell membranes that react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell

A

Receptor sites

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7
Q

they break down the reacting chemicals and open the receptor site for further stimulation

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

Drugs act in different ways to achieve results, what are they?

A

Agonists
Inhibitors
Competitive antagonist
Noncompetitive antagonist

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9
Q

they interact directly with receptor sites to cause the same activity that natural chemicals would cause at that site

A

Agonists

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10
Q

prevent breakdown of natural chemicals that are stimulating the receptor site.

A

Inhibitors

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11
Q

they react with receptor sites to block normal stimulation producing no effect.

A

Competitive antagonists

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12
Q

they react with specific receptor sites on a cell and by reacting there prevent the reaction of another chemical with a different receptor site on that cell.

A

Noncompetitive antagonists

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13
Q

drugs also can cause their effects by interfering with the enzyme systems that act as catalysts for various chemical reactions.

A

Drug Enzyme Interaction

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14
Q

Enzyme systems work in a cascade fashion, with one enzyme activating another, and then that enzyme activating another, until a cellular reaction eventually occurs.

A

Drug Enzyme Interaction

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15
Q

the ability of a drug to attack only those systems found in foreign cells.

A

Selective Toxicity

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16
Q

involves the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion of drugs.

A

Pharmacokinetics

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17
Q

What are the pharmacokinetic considerations?

A

Onset of drug action
Drug Half Life
Timing of peak effect
Duration of drug effects
Metabolism of the drug
Site of injection

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18
Q

how long it will take to see the beginning of the therapeutic effect

A

Drug Onset of Action

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19
Q

how long the patient will experience the drug effects

A

Duration of drug effects

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20
Q

the amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect.

A

Critical Concentration

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21
Q

a higher dose than that is usually used for treatment to reach critical concentration quickly.

A

Loading Dose

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22
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium Processes?

A

Absorption from the site of entry
Distribution to the active site
Metabolism in the liver
Excretion

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23
Q

refers to what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues

A

Absorption

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24
Q

Drug absorption is influenced by?

A

Route of administration

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25
Processes of absorption?
Passive Diffusion Active Transport Filtration
26
major process through which drugs are absorbed into the body; occurs across a concentration gradient
Passive Diffusion
27
process that uses energy to actively move a molecule across a cell membrane
Active Transport
28
involves movement through pores in the cell membrane either down a concentration gradient or as a result of the pull of plasma proteins.
Filtration
29
involves the movement of a drug to the body’s tissues
Distribution
30
Factors that affect drug distribution?
Drug's lipid solubility and ionization Perfusion of the reactive tissue
31
most drugs are bound to some extent to proteins in the blood to be carried to the circulation.
Protein-binding
32
is a protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things away from the CNS.
Blood brain barrier
33
Only drugs that are ----- can pass through the blood brain barrier and reach the CNS
lipid soluble
34
process which drugs are changed into new, less active chemicals
Metabolism
35
drugs that are taken orally are usually absorbed from the small intestine directly into the portal venous system. The portal veins deliver these absorbed molecules into the liver, which immediately transforms most of the chemicals delivered to it by a series of liver enzymes. These enzymes break the drug into metabolites, some of which are deactivated and can be readily excreted from the body.
First Pass Effect
36
is the removal of a drug from the body.
Excretion
37
drugs are excreted by the kidneys through?
glomerular filtration
38
Factors influencing drug effects?
* Weight * Age * Gender * Physiologic Factors * Pathological Factors * Genetic Factors * Immunological Factors * Psychological Factors * Environmental Factors * Tolerance * Cumulation * Interactions
39
may arise because of increased biotransformation of the drug, increased resistance to its effects, or other pharmacokinetic factors.
tolerance
40
if a drug is taken in successive doses at intervals that are shorter than recommended, or if the body is unable to eliminate a drug properly, the drug can accumulate in the body, leading to toxic levels and adverse effects
cumulation
41
Types of Drug Interactions
Drug to Drug or Drug to Alternative Therapy Interactions Drug to Laboratory Tests Interactions Drug to Food Interactions
42
Literary Reviews
Primary Action Secondary Action Hypersensitivity
43
Development of adverse reaction from simple overdose which can be caused by individual response to the drug, high or low body weight, age or underlying pathology that alters the effects of the drug.
Primary Action
44
Effects of the drug in addition to the desired pharmacological effect.
Secondary Action
45
Excessively responsive to either the primary or the secondary effects of a drug. It may result from pathological or underlying condition.
Hypersensitivity
46
this occurs when the body forms antibodies to a particular drug, causing an immune response when the person is reexposed to the drug.
Drug Allergy
47
4 Classifications of Drug Allergy
Anaphylactic Reaction Cytotoxic Reaction Serum Sickness Delayed Allergic Reaction
48
involves antibody that reacts with specific sites to cause release of chemicals including histamine.
Anaphylactic Reaction
49
What is the intervention for patients having anaphylactic reactions?
Epinephrine administration
50
Assessment: hives, rash, dob, increased bp, dilated pupils, diaphoresis
Anaphylactic Reaction
51
involves antibodies that circulate in the blood and the drug attack antigens on cell sites, causing death of that cell.
Cytotoxic Reaction
52
Assessment: CBC showing decreased hematocrit, wbc, and platelets, liver function tests show elevated liver enzymes, renal function test shows decreased renal function
Cytotoxic Reaction
53
involves antibodies that circulate in the blood and cause damage to various tissues by depositing in blood vessels. This reaction may occur up to 1 wk or more after exposure to the drug.
Serum Sickness
54
Assessment: itchy rash, high fever, swollen lymph nodes, swollen and painful joints, edema of face and limbs.
Serum Sickness
55
Interventions for patients having serum sickness
cool environment, skin care, positioning, ice to joints, administer antipyretics or anti-inflammatory agents.
56
occurs several hours after exposure and involves antibodies that are bound to specific white blood cells.
Delayed Allergic Reactions
57
Assessment: rash, hives, swollen joints similar to rxn to poison ivy
Delayed Allergic Reactions
58
What are the interventions for patients having delayed allergic reaction?
Provide skin care and comfort measures that may include antihistamines or topical corticosteroids.
59
What are the drug induced tissue and organ damage?
Dermatologic Reactions Toxicity Poisoning Alteration in Glucose Metabolism Electrolyte Imbalance Sensory Effects Neurologic effects Teratogenicity
60
are adverse reactions involving the skin
Dermatologic Reactions
61
Examples of dermatologic reactions
Rashes stomatitis Superinfections Blood Dyscrasia
62
inflammation of the mucous membranes, can occur because of a direct toxic reaction to the drug or because the drug deposits in the end capillaries in the mucous membranes, leading to inflammation.
Stomatitis
63
caused by organisms that are usually controlled by a normal flora.
Superinfections
64
bone marrow suppression caused by drug effects. This occurs when drug cause cell death (antineoplastics, antibiotics) are used.
Blood Dyscrasia
65
Term for an inflammed gums
Gingivitis
66
This is a potentially serious reactions to drugs
Toxicity
67
Result of drug toxicity
Renal Injury Liver Injury
68
this occurs when an overdose a drug damages multiple body systems, leading to the potential for fatal reactions.
Poisoning
69
it is a low serum glucose concentration
Hypoglycemia
70
It is a high serum glucose concentration
Hyperglycemia
71
Low serum potassium levels
Hypokalemia
72
damage to the tiny blood vessels of the retina.
Ocular Damage
73
Example of Neurologic Effects
General Central Nervous System Effects Atropine-Like Effects Parkinson-Like Syndrome Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
74
drugs that affect the developing fetus or embryo which may cause death or congenital defects.
Teratogenicity
75
Another term for Atropine-Like Effects
Anticholinergic Effects
76
What to include in history taking?
Chronic condition Drug use Allergies Social Supports Financial Supports Pattern of Healthcare
77
What to include in physical examination?
Weight Age Physical parameters related to disease or drug effects
78
What are the three types of nursing interventions are frequently involved in drug therapy?
Drug administration Provision of comfort measures Patient/Family education
79
What are the 10 rights of proper drug administration?
Right patient Right drug Right route Right dose Right time Right assessment Right documentation Right evaluation Right education Right to refuse

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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