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Pharmacology > LESSON 2 > Flashcards

LESSON 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How the drug affects the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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2
Q

How the body affects the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

is the study of the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs that enter those systems.

A

Pharmacodynamics

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4
Q

Drugs usually works in one of four ways, what are they?

A
  1. To replace or act as substitutes for missing chemicals.
  2. To increase or stimulate certain cellular activities.
  3. To depress or slow cellular activities.
  4. To interfere with the functioning of foreign cells, such as invading microorganisms or neoplasms leading to cell death
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5
Q

Drugs that invade microorganisms that leads to cell death are called?

A

Chemothrapeutic agents

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6
Q

specific areas on cell membranes that react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell

A

Receptor sites

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7
Q

they break down the reacting chemicals and open the receptor site for further stimulation

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

Drugs act in different ways to achieve results, what are they?

A

Agonists
Inhibitors
Competitive antagonist
Noncompetitive antagonist

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9
Q

they interact directly with receptor sites to cause the same activity that natural chemicals would cause at that site

A

Agonists

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10
Q

prevent breakdown of natural chemicals that are stimulating the receptor site.

A

Inhibitors

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11
Q

they react with receptor sites to block normal stimulation producing no effect.

A

Competitive antagonists

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12
Q

they react with specific receptor sites on a cell and by reacting there prevent the reaction of another chemical with a different receptor site on that cell.

A

Noncompetitive antagonists

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13
Q

drugs also can cause their effects by interfering with the enzyme systems that act as catalysts for various chemical reactions.

A

Drug Enzyme Interaction

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14
Q

Enzyme systems work in a cascade fashion, with one enzyme activating another, and then that enzyme activating another, until a cellular reaction eventually occurs.

A

Drug Enzyme Interaction

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15
Q

the ability of a drug to attack only those systems found in foreign cells.

A

Selective Toxicity

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16
Q

involves the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion of drugs.

A

Pharmacokinetics

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17
Q

What are the pharmacokinetic considerations?

A

Onset of drug action
Drug Half Life
Timing of peak effect
Duration of drug effects
Metabolism of the drug
Site of injection

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18
Q

how long it will take to see the beginning of the therapeutic effect

A

Drug Onset of Action

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19
Q

how long the patient will experience the drug effects

A

Duration of drug effects

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20
Q

the amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect.

A

Critical Concentration

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21
Q

a higher dose than that is usually used for treatment to reach critical concentration quickly.

A

Loading Dose

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22
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium Processes?

A

Absorption from the site of entry
Distribution to the active site
Metabolism in the liver
Excretion

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23
Q

refers to what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues

A

Absorption

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24
Q

Drug absorption is influenced by?

A

Route of administration

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25
Q

Processes of absorption?

A

Passive Diffusion
Active Transport
Filtration

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26
Q

major process through which drugs are absorbed into the body; occurs across a concentration gradient

A

Passive Diffusion

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27
Q

process that uses energy to actively move a molecule across a cell membrane

A

Active Transport

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28
Q

involves movement through pores in the cell membrane either down a concentration gradient or as a result of the pull of plasma proteins.

A

Filtration

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29
Q

involves the movement of a drug to the body’s tissues

A

Distribution

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30
Q

Factors that affect drug distribution?

A

Drug’s lipid solubility and ionization
Perfusion of the reactive tissue

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31
Q

most drugs are bound to some extent to proteins in the blood to be carried to the circulation.

A

Protein-binding

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32
Q

is a protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things away from the CNS.

A

Blood brain barrier

33
Q

Only drugs that are —– can pass through the blood brain barrier and reach the CNS

A

lipid soluble

34
Q

process which drugs are changed into new, less active chemicals

A

Metabolism

35
Q

drugs that are taken orally are usually absorbed from the small intestine directly into the portal venous system. The portal veins deliver these absorbed molecules into the liver, which immediately transforms most of the chemicals delivered to it by a series of liver enzymes. These enzymes break the drug into metabolites, some of which are deactivated and can be readily excreted from the body.

A

First Pass Effect

36
Q

is the removal of a drug from the body.

A

Excretion

37
Q

drugs are excreted by the kidneys through?

A

glomerular filtration

38
Q

Factors influencing drug effects?

A
  • Weight
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Physiologic Factors
  • Pathological Factors
  • Genetic Factors
  • Immunological Factors
  • Psychological Factors
  • Environmental Factors
  • Tolerance
  • Cumulation
  • Interactions
39
Q

may arise because of increased biotransformation of the drug, increased resistance to its effects, or other pharmacokinetic factors.

A

tolerance

40
Q

if a drug is taken in successive doses at intervals that are shorter than recommended, or if the body is unable to eliminate a drug properly, the drug can accumulate in the body, leading to toxic levels and adverse effects

A

cumulation

41
Q

Types of Drug Interactions

A

Drug to Drug or Drug to Alternative Therapy Interactions
Drug to Laboratory Tests Interactions
Drug to Food Interactions

42
Q

Literary Reviews

A

Primary Action
Secondary Action
Hypersensitivity

43
Q

Development of adverse reaction from simple overdose which can be caused by individual response to the drug, high or low body weight, age or underlying pathology that alters the effects of the drug.

A

Primary Action

44
Q

Effects of the drug in addition to the desired pharmacological effect.

A

Secondary Action

45
Q

Excessively responsive to either the primary or the secondary effects of a drug. It may result from pathological or underlying condition.

A

Hypersensitivity

46
Q

this occurs when the body forms antibodies to a particular drug, causing an immune response when the person is reexposed to the drug.

A

Drug Allergy

47
Q

4 Classifications of Drug Allergy

A

Anaphylactic Reaction
Cytotoxic Reaction
Serum Sickness
Delayed Allergic Reaction

48
Q

involves antibody that reacts with specific sites to cause release of chemicals including histamine.

A

Anaphylactic Reaction

49
Q

What is the intervention for patients having anaphylactic reactions?

A

Epinephrine administration

50
Q

Assessment: hives, rash, dob, increased bp, dilated pupils, diaphoresis

A

Anaphylactic Reaction

51
Q

involves antibodies that circulate in the blood and the drug attack antigens on cell sites, causing death of that cell.

A

Cytotoxic Reaction

52
Q

Assessment: CBC showing decreased hematocrit, wbc, and platelets, liver function tests show elevated liver enzymes, renal function test shows decreased renal function

A

Cytotoxic Reaction

53
Q

involves antibodies that circulate in the blood and cause damage to various tissues by depositing in blood vessels. This reaction may occur up to 1 wk or more after exposure to the drug.

A

Serum Sickness

54
Q

Assessment: itchy rash, high fever, swollen lymph nodes, swollen and painful joints, edema of face and limbs.

A

Serum Sickness

55
Q

Interventions for patients having serum sickness

A

cool environment, skin care, positioning, ice to joints, administer antipyretics or anti-inflammatory agents.

56
Q

occurs several hours after exposure and involves antibodies that are bound to specific white blood cells.

A

Delayed Allergic Reactions

57
Q

Assessment: rash, hives, swollen joints similar to rxn to poison ivy

A

Delayed Allergic Reactions

58
Q

What are the interventions for patients having delayed allergic reaction?

A

Provide skin care and comfort measures that may include antihistamines or topical corticosteroids.

59
Q

What are the drug induced tissue and organ damage?

A

Dermatologic Reactions
Toxicity
Poisoning
Alteration in Glucose Metabolism
Electrolyte Imbalance
Sensory Effects
Neurologic effects
Teratogenicity

60
Q

are adverse reactions involving the skin

A

Dermatologic Reactions

61
Q

Examples of dermatologic reactions

A

Rashes
stomatitis
Superinfections
Blood Dyscrasia

62
Q

inflammation of the mucous membranes, can occur because of a direct toxic reaction to the drug or because the drug deposits in the end capillaries in the mucous membranes, leading to inflammation.

A

Stomatitis

63
Q

caused by organisms that are usually controlled by a normal flora.

A

Superinfections

64
Q

bone marrow suppression caused by drug effects. This occurs when drug cause cell death (antineoplastics, antibiotics) are used.

A

Blood Dyscrasia

65
Q

Term for an inflammed gums

A

Gingivitis

66
Q

This is a potentially serious reactions to drugs

A

Toxicity

67
Q

Result of drug toxicity

A

Renal Injury
Liver Injury

68
Q

this occurs when an overdose a drug damages multiple body systems, leading to the potential for fatal reactions.

A

Poisoning

69
Q

it is a low serum glucose concentration

A

Hypoglycemia

70
Q

It is a high serum glucose concentration

A

Hyperglycemia

71
Q

Low serum potassium levels

A

Hypokalemia

72
Q

damage to the tiny blood vessels of the retina.

A

Ocular Damage

73
Q

Example of Neurologic Effects

A

General Central Nervous System Effects
Atropine-Like Effects
Parkinson-Like Syndrome
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

74
Q

drugs that affect the developing fetus or embryo which may cause death or congenital defects.

A

Teratogenicity

75
Q

Another term for Atropine-Like Effects

A

Anticholinergic Effects

76
Q

What to include in history taking?

A

Chronic condition
Drug use
Allergies
Social Supports
Financial Supports
Pattern of Healthcare

77
Q

What to include in physical examination?

A

Weight
Age
Physical parameters related to disease or drug effects

78
Q

What are the three types of nursing interventions are frequently involved in drug therapy?

A

Drug administration
Provision of comfort measures
Patient/Family education

79
Q

What are the 10 rights of proper drug administration?

A

Right patient
Right drug
Right route
Right dose
Right time
Right assessment
Right documentation
Right evaluation
Right education
Right to refuse

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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