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CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS/ANTIBIOTICS Flashcards

1
Q

are drugs designed to target foreign
organisms that have invaded and infected the body of a human
host

A

antiinfective agents

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2
Q

Although antiinfective agents target foreign organisms infecting
the body of a human host, they do not possess total —–

A

selective toxicity

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3
Q

Some antiinfectives interfere with?

A

biosynthesis of the
pathogen cell wall

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4
Q

prevent the cells of the invading
organism from using substances essential to their growth
and development, leading to an inability to divide and
eventually to cell death.

A

antiinfectives

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5
Q

Cause cell death

A

Bactericidal

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6
Q

Interfere with the ability of the cells to
reproduce or divide

A

Bacteriostatic

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7
Q

Involves a complex interaction
among chemical mediators,
leukocytes, lymphocytes,
antibodies, and locally released
enzymes and chemicals.
When response is completely
functional and all necessary
proteins, cells, and chemicals are
being produced by the body, it
can isolate and eliminate foreign
proteins (bacteria, fungi, virus)

A

Human Immune Response

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8
Q

Reasons for incapability of the
immune system to deal with
invading organisms

A
  1. antiinfective drugs cannot
    toally eliminate the pathogen
    without causing severe toxicity
    to the host.
  2. These patients do not have
    the inflammatory or immune
    response in place to deal with
    with even a few invading
    organisms
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9
Q

can be natural or acquired and
refers to the ability over time to
adapt to an antiinfective drug
and produce cells that are no
longer affected by a particular
drug.

A

antiinfective resistance

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10
Q

Process of acquiring resistance?

A
  1. Producing an enzyme that deactivates
    the antimicrobial drug.
  2. Changing cellular permeability to
    prevent the drug from entering the
    cell or altering transport systems to
    exclude the drug from active
    transport into the cell.
  3. Altering binding sites on the
    membranes or ribosomes, which then
    no Longer accept the drug.
  4. Producing a chemical that acts as an
    antagonist to the drug.
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11
Q

Process of preventing resistance

A
  1. Drug dosing is important in preventing
    the development of resistance.
  2. Limit the use of antimicrobial agents
    to the treatment of specific pathogens
    known to be sensitive to the drug
    being used.
  3. Healthcare providers should also be
    cautious about the indiscriminate use
    of antiinfectives.
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12
Q

prevent the drug from entering the
cell or altering transport systems to
exclude the drug from active
transport into the cell.

A

Changing cellular permeability

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13
Q

It is important in preventing
the development of resistance.

A

Drug Dosing

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14
Q

treatment of infections
before they occur

A

Prophylaxis

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15
Q

Use of antiinfective agent

A
  1. To treat systemic infections
  2. Prophylaxis
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16
Q

What are the adverse reactions to antibiotic therapy?

A
  1. Kidney damage
  2. Gastrointestinal toxicity
  3. Neurotoxicity
  4. Hypersensitivity reactions
  5. Superinfections
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17
Q

Occurs more frequently with drugs that are metabolized by the kidney
and then eliminated in the urine

A

Kidney damage

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18
Q

Many anti-infective agents have direct toxic effects and includes causing nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, or
diarrhea and such effects are sometimes severe

A

Gastrointestinal toxicity

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19
Q

Some antiinfectives can damage or interfere with the function of
nerve tissue, usually in areas where drugs tend to accumulate in
high concentrations.

A

Neurotoxicity

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20
Q

This occur with many
antimicrobial agents. Most of these agents, which are protein
bound for transfer through the cardiovascular system, are able to
induce antibody formation in susceptible people.

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

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21
Q

Other name for hypersensitivity reactions

A

Allergy

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22
Q

are infections that occur when opportunistic pathogens that were
kept in check by the “normal” flora bacteria have the opportunity
to invade tissues.

A

Superinfections

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23
Q

chemicals that inhibit specific bacteria

A

antibiotics

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24
Q

antibiotics are made in 3 ways, what are they?

A
  1. by living microorganisms
  2. by synthetic manufacture
  3. through genetic engineering
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25
Antibiotics has 2 purpose, what are they?
Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal
26
It prevents the growth of bacteria
Bacteriostatic
27
It kills the bacteria directly
Bactericidal
28
Are those whose cell wall retains a strain known as Gram’s strain or resists decolorization with alcohol during culture and sensitivity testing
Gram positive bacteria
29
Are those whose cell walls lose a strain or are decolorized by alcohol
Gram negative bacteria
30
Commonly associated with infections of the genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract
Gram negative bacteria
31
Commonly associated with infections of the respiratory tract and soft tissues
Gram positive bacteria
32
Depend on oxygen for survival
Aerobic bacteria
33
Do not use oxygen
Anaerobic bacteria
34
kinds of bacteria
Gram-positive Gram-negative Aerobic Anaerobic
35
Major classes of antibiotics
- Aminoglycosides - Carbapenems - Cephalosporins - Fluoroquinolones - Penicillin and Penicillinase-resistant antibiotics - Sulfonamides - Tetracycline - Antimycobacterials - Ketolides - Lincosamides - Lipoglypeptides - Macrolides - Monobactam - New Antibiotics and Adjuncts
36
Group of powerful antibiotics used to treat serious infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacilli
Aminoglycosides
37
amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin
Aminoglycosides
38
Inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria
Aminoglycosides
39
Are relatively new class of broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Carbapenems
40
Inhibit cell membrane synthesis in susceptible bacteria, leading to cell death
Carbapenems
41
examples are meropenem, diropenem, ertapenem, imipenemclistatin
Carbapenems
42
Used with caution in patients with inflammatory bowel disorders
meropenem
43
A carbapenem not for use in patients younger than 18 years old
ertapenem
44
Avoid using imipenem with?
Vganciclovir
45
Avoid using meropenem with?
probenecid
46
Effective against gram-positive bacteria that are affected by penicillin G, as well as the gram-negative bacteria P. mirabilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae
First generation cephalosporins
47
Effective against previously mentioned strain as well as H. influenza, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Neisseria species
Second generation cephalosporins
48
examples are cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin
First generation cephalosporins
49
examples are cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefprozil, cefuroxime
Second generation cephalosporins
50
Effective against all of the previously mentioned strains, as well as gram-negative bacilli Serratia marcescens
Third generation cephalosporins
51
examples are cefdinir, cefotaxime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone
Third generation cephalosporins
52
active against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms including cephalosporin resistant staphylococci and P. aeruginosa
Fourth generation cephalosporins
53
examples are cefditoren, ceftaroline, cefipime
Fourth generation cephalosporins
54
Interfere with cell wall-building ability of bacteria when they divide, that is, they prevent the bacteria from biosynthesizing the framework of their call walls. The bacteria with weakened cell walls swell and burst as a result of osmotic pressure within the cell.
Cephalosporins
55
Cephalosporins and aminoglycosides increases risk for nephrotoxicity, it is important to?
Check BUN and creatinine levels
56
Taking cephalosporins may increase bleeding if it is taken with?
anticoagulants
57
the patient wants to drink alcohol after discontinuing cephalosporin medication, how many hours should he wait to make sure that it is safe to take alcohol?
72 hrs
58
Interfere with the action of DNA enzymes necessary for the growth and reproduction of the bacteria leading to cell death
Fluoroquinolones
59
Used to treat anthrax infection, typhoid fever
Fluoroquinolones
60
Fluoroquinolones may increase tendonitis and tendon rupture if taken with?
corticosteroid
61
was the first antibiotic introduced for clinical use by Sir Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
62
Sir Alexander Fleming used ____ to produce the original penicillin in the 1920s.
Penicillium
63
Produce bactericidal effects by interfering with the ability of susceptible bacteria to build their cell walls when they are dividing
Penicillin
64
When is the peak level of penicillin?
In 1 hour
65
Penicillin should be taken on?
an empty stomach
66
Penicillin has decreased effectivity if taken with?
tetracycline
67
This drug will have no effect if taken with penicillin
aminoglycoside
68
Drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis
Sulfonamides
69
examples are sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine, cotrimoxazole
Sulfonamides
70
competitively block paraaminobenzoic acid to prevent the synthesis of folic acid in susceptible bacteria that synthesize their own folates for the production of RNA and DNA
Sulfonamides
71
Sulfonamides if taken with tolbutamide, tolazamide, glyburide, glipizide, or chlorpropamide increases the risk for?
Hypoglycemia
72
Sulfonamide if taken with ___ increases nephrotoxicity.
Cyclosporine
73
Were developed as semisynthetic antibiotics based on the structure of a common soil mold. They are composed of four rings.
Tetracycline
74
examples are demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline
Tetracycline
75
work by inhibiting protein synthesis in a wide range of bacteria, leading to the inability of the bacteria to multiply
Tetracycline
76
Should tetracycline should be taken on a full stomach?
No, empty stomach
77
Tetracycline has decreased effectiveness if taken with?
Penicillin G and oral contraceptives
78
the group of bacteria that contain the pathogens that cause tuberculosis and leprosy are classified on the basis of their ability to hold a stain even in the presence of a “destaining” agent such as acid. Because of this property, they are called “acidfast” bacteria.
Mycobacteria
79
How long is the tuberculosis treatment?
6 months to 2 years
80
What are the first line antimycobacterials?
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, Rifapentine
81
What are the second line antimycobacterials?
Ethionamide, Capreomycin, Cycloserine, Rifabutin
82
These drugs causes discoloration of body fluids (orange-tinged).
Rifampin, Rifabutin, Rifapentine
83
Example of ketolides
Telithromycin
84
similar to the macrolides but are more toxic
Lincosamides
85
They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with the polymerization and crosslinking of peptidoglycans. They bind to the bacterial membrane and disrupt the membrane barrier function causing bacterial cell death
Lipoglypeptide
86
Example of lipoglypeptide?
Televancin
87
Route of administration for lipoglypeptides?
IV
88
examples include erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin
Macrolides
89
exert their effect by binding to the bacterial cell membrane and changing protein function. This action can prevent the cell from dividing or cause cell death, depending on the sensitivity of the bacteria and the concentration of the drug.
Macrolides
90
Macrolides serve as ____ for endocarditis before dental procedures in high-risk patients with valvular heart disease who are allergic to penicillin
Prophylaxis
91
are macrolides are indicated for the treatment of ocular infections caused by susceptible organisms and for acne vulgaris, and they may also be used prophylactically against infection in minor skin abrasions and for the treatment of skin infections caused by sensitive organisms
Topical macrolides
92
Should macrolides be taken on an empty stomach?
Yes
93
Example include aztreonam
Monobactam
94
Monobactams are incompatible with?
nafcillin, cephradine, metronidazole
95
What are the new antibiotics and adjuncts?
Daptomycin Fidaxomicin Linezolid Tigecycline Streptogramins, quinupristin, and dalfopristin Rifaximin
96
treating complicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by susceptible gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. It must be given IV over 30 minutes, once each day for 7 to 14 days, which makes its use inconvenient.
Daptomycin
97
It is approved to treat C. difficile diarrhea and to prevent recurrence. It is given orally twice a day.
Fidaxomicin
98
This drug is indicated specifically for treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant and methicillin-resistant strains of bacteria.
Linezolid
99
It is approved for use in the treatment of complicated skin and skinstructure infections and intra-abdominal infections caused by susceptible bacteria.
Tigecycline
100
effective in treating vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), resistant S. aureus, and resistant S. epidermidis
Streptogramins, quinupristin and dalfopristin
101
Affects the E. coli bacteria, which cause traveler’s diarrhea. It is also approved for treating hepatic encephalopathy
Rifaximin

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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