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Pharmacology > CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS/ANTIBIOTICS > Flashcards

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS/ANTIBIOTICS Flashcards

1
Q

are drugs designed to target foreign
organisms that have invaded and infected the body of a human
host

A

antiinfective agents

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2
Q

Although antiinfective agents target foreign organisms infecting
the body of a human host, they do not possess total —–

A

selective toxicity

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3
Q

Some antiinfectives interfere with?

A

biosynthesis of the
pathogen cell wall

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4
Q

prevent the cells of the invading
organism from using substances essential to their growth
and development, leading to an inability to divide and
eventually to cell death.

A

antiinfectives

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5
Q

Cause cell death

A

Bactericidal

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6
Q

Interfere with the ability of the cells to
reproduce or divide

A

Bacteriostatic

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7
Q

Involves a complex interaction
among chemical mediators,
leukocytes, lymphocytes,
antibodies, and locally released
enzymes and chemicals.
When response is completely
functional and all necessary
proteins, cells, and chemicals are
being produced by the body, it
can isolate and eliminate foreign
proteins (bacteria, fungi, virus)

A

Human Immune Response

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8
Q

Reasons for incapability of the
immune system to deal with
invading organisms

A
  1. antiinfective drugs cannot
    toally eliminate the pathogen
    without causing severe toxicity
    to the host.
  2. These patients do not have
    the inflammatory or immune
    response in place to deal with
    with even a few invading
    organisms
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9
Q

can be natural or acquired and
refers to the ability over time to
adapt to an antiinfective drug
and produce cells that are no
longer affected by a particular
drug.

A

antiinfective resistance

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10
Q

Process of acquiring resistance?

A
  1. Producing an enzyme that deactivates
    the antimicrobial drug.
  2. Changing cellular permeability to
    prevent the drug from entering the
    cell or altering transport systems to
    exclude the drug from active
    transport into the cell.
  3. Altering binding sites on the
    membranes or ribosomes, which then
    no Longer accept the drug.
  4. Producing a chemical that acts as an
    antagonist to the drug.
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11
Q

Process of preventing resistance

A
  1. Drug dosing is important in preventing
    the development of resistance.
  2. Limit the use of antimicrobial agents
    to the treatment of specific pathogens
    known to be sensitive to the drug
    being used.
  3. Healthcare providers should also be
    cautious about the indiscriminate use
    of antiinfectives.
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12
Q

prevent the drug from entering the
cell or altering transport systems to
exclude the drug from active
transport into the cell.

A

Changing cellular permeability

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13
Q

It is important in preventing
the development of resistance.

A

Drug Dosing

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14
Q

treatment of infections
before they occur

A

Prophylaxis

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15
Q

Use of antiinfective agent

A
  1. To treat systemic infections
  2. Prophylaxis
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16
Q

What are the adverse reactions to antibiotic therapy?

A
  1. Kidney damage
  2. Gastrointestinal toxicity
  3. Neurotoxicity
  4. Hypersensitivity reactions
  5. Superinfections
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17
Q

Occurs more frequently with drugs that are metabolized by the kidney
and then eliminated in the urine

A

Kidney damage

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18
Q

Many anti-infective agents have direct toxic effects and includes causing nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, or
diarrhea and such effects are sometimes severe

A

Gastrointestinal toxicity

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19
Q

Some antiinfectives can damage or interfere with the function of
nerve tissue, usually in areas where drugs tend to accumulate in
high concentrations.

A

Neurotoxicity

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20
Q

This occur with many
antimicrobial agents. Most of these agents, which are protein
bound for transfer through the cardiovascular system, are able to
induce antibody formation in susceptible people.

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

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21
Q

Other name for hypersensitivity reactions

A

Allergy

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22
Q

are infections that occur when opportunistic pathogens that were
kept in check by the “normal” flora bacteria have the opportunity
to invade tissues.

A

Superinfections

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23
Q

chemicals that inhibit specific bacteria

A

antibiotics

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24
Q

antibiotics are made in 3 ways, what are they?

A
  1. by living microorganisms
  2. by synthetic manufacture
  3. through genetic engineering
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25
Q

Antibiotics has 2 purpose, what are they?

A

Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal

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26
Q

It prevents the growth of bacteria

A

Bacteriostatic

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27
Q

It kills the bacteria directly

A

Bactericidal

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28
Q

Are those whose cell wall retains a strain known as Gram’s strain or
resists decolorization with alcohol during culture and sensitivity testing

A

Gram positive bacteria

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29
Q

Are those whose cell walls lose a strain or are decolorized by alcohol

A

Gram negative bacteria

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30
Q

Commonly associated with infections of the genitourinary or
gastrointestinal tract

A

Gram negative bacteria

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31
Q

Commonly associated with infections of the respiratory tract and soft
tissues

A

Gram positive bacteria

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32
Q

Depend on oxygen for survival

A

Aerobic bacteria

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33
Q

Do not use oxygen

A

Anaerobic bacteria

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34
Q

kinds of bacteria

A

Gram-positive
Gram-negative
Aerobic
Anaerobic

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35
Q

Major classes of antibiotics

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Carbapenems
  • Cephalosporins
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Penicillin and Penicillinase-resistant antibiotics
  • Sulfonamides
  • Tetracycline
  • Antimycobacterials
  • Ketolides
  • Lincosamides
  • Lipoglypeptides
  • Macrolides
  • Monobactam
  • New Antibiotics and Adjuncts
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36
Q

Group of powerful antibiotics used to
treat serious infections caused by
gram-negative aerobic bacilli

A

Aminoglycosides

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37
Q

amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin,
neomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin

A

Aminoglycosides

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38
Q

Inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria

A

Aminoglycosides

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39
Q

Are relatively new class of broad-spectrum
antibiotics effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Carbapenems

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40
Q

Inhibit cell membrane synthesis in susceptible bacteria, leading to
cell death

A

Carbapenems

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41
Q

examples are meropenem, diropenem, ertapenem, imipenemclistatin

A

Carbapenems

42
Q

Used with caution in patients with inflammatory
bowel disorders

A

meropenem

43
Q

A carbapenem not for use in patients younger than 18 years old

A

ertapenem

44
Q

Avoid using imipenem with?

A

Vganciclovir

45
Q

Avoid using meropenem with?

A

probenecid

46
Q

Effective against gram-positive bacteria that are affected by penicillin G, as well as the gram-negative bacteria P. mirabilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae

A

First generation cephalosporins

47
Q

Effective against previously mentioned strain as well as H. influenza, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Neisseria species

A

Second generation cephalosporins

48
Q

examples are cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin

A

First generation cephalosporins

49
Q

examples are cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefprozil, cefuroxime

A

Second generation cephalosporins

50
Q

Effective against all of the previously mentioned strains, as well as gram-negative bacilli Serratia marcescens

A

Third generation cephalosporins

51
Q

examples are cefdinir, cefotaxime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone

A

Third generation cephalosporins

52
Q

active against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms including cephalosporin resistant staphylococci and P. aeruginosa

A

Fourth generation cephalosporins

53
Q

examples are cefditoren, ceftaroline, cefipime

A

Fourth generation cephalosporins

54
Q

Interfere with cell wall-building ability of bacteria when they divide, that is, they prevent the bacteria from biosynthesizing the framework of their call walls. The
bacteria with weakened cell walls swell and burst as a result of osmotic pressure within the cell.

A

Cephalosporins

55
Q

Cephalosporins and aminoglycosides increases risk for nephrotoxicity, it is important to?

A

Check BUN and creatinine levels

56
Q

Taking cephalosporins may increase bleeding if it is taken with?

A

anticoagulants

57
Q

the patient wants to drink alcohol after discontinuing cephalosporin medication, how many hours should he wait to make sure that it is safe to take alcohol?

A

72 hrs

58
Q

Interfere with the action of DNA enzymes
necessary for the growth and reproduction of the bacteria leading to cell death

A

Fluoroquinolones

59
Q

Used to treat anthrax infection, typhoid fever

A

Fluoroquinolones

60
Q

Fluoroquinolones may increase tendonitis and tendon rupture if taken with?

A

corticosteroid

61
Q

was the first antibiotic introduced for clinical use by Sir Alexander Fleming

A

Penicillin

62
Q

Sir Alexander Fleming used ____ to produce the original penicillin in the 1920s.

A

Penicillium

63
Q

Produce bactericidal effects by interfering with the ability of susceptible bacteria to build their cell walls when they are dividing

A

Penicillin

64
Q

When is the peak level of penicillin?

A

In 1 hour

65
Q

Penicillin should be taken on?

A

an empty stomach

66
Q

Penicillin has decreased effectivity if taken with?

A

tetracycline

67
Q

This drug will have no effect if taken with penicillin

A

aminoglycoside

68
Q

Drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis

A

Sulfonamides

69
Q

examples are sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine, cotrimoxazole

A

Sulfonamides

70
Q

competitively block paraaminobenzoic acid to prevent the synthesis of folic acid in susceptible bacteria that synthesize their own folates for the production of RNA and DNA

A

Sulfonamides

71
Q

Sulfonamides if taken with tolbutamide, tolazamide, glyburide, glipizide, or
chlorpropamide increases the risk for?

A

Hypoglycemia

72
Q

Sulfonamide if taken with ___ increases nephrotoxicity.

A

Cyclosporine

73
Q

Were developed as semisynthetic antibiotics based on the structure of a common soil mold. They are composed of four rings.

A

Tetracycline

74
Q

examples are demeclocycline, doxycycline,
minocycline

A

Tetracycline

75
Q

work by inhibiting protein synthesis in a wide range of bacteria, leading to the inability of the bacteria to multiply

A

Tetracycline

76
Q

Should tetracycline should be taken on a full stomach?

A

No, empty stomach

77
Q

Tetracycline has decreased effectiveness if taken with?

A

Penicillin G and oral contraceptives

78
Q

the group of bacteria that contain the pathogens that cause tuberculosis and leprosy are classified on the basis of their ability to hold a stain even in the presence of a “destaining” agent such as acid.
Because of this property, they are called “acidfast” bacteria.

A

Mycobacteria

79
Q

How long is the tuberculosis treatment?

A

6 months to 2 years

80
Q

What are the first line antimycobacterials?

A

Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, Rifapentine

81
Q

What are the second line antimycobacterials?

A

Ethionamide, Capreomycin, Cycloserine, Rifabutin

82
Q

These drugs causes discoloration of body fluids (orange-tinged).

A

Rifampin, Rifabutin, Rifapentine

83
Q

Example of ketolides

A

Telithromycin

84
Q

similar to the macrolides but are more toxic

A

Lincosamides

85
Q

They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by
interfering with the polymerization and crosslinking of peptidoglycans. They bind to the bacterial membrane and disrupt the membrane barrier function causing bacterial cell death

A

Lipoglypeptide

86
Q

Example of lipoglypeptide?

A

Televancin

87
Q

Route of administration for lipoglypeptides?

A

IV

88
Q

examples include erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin,
dirithromycin

A

Macrolides

89
Q

exert their effect by binding to the bacterial cell membrane and changing protein function. This action can prevent the cell from dividing or cause cell death, depending on the sensitivity of the bacteria and the concentration of the drug.

A

Macrolides

90
Q

Macrolides serve as ____ for endocarditis before dental procedures in high-risk patients with valvular heart disease who are allergic to penicillin

A

Prophylaxis

91
Q

are macrolides are indicated for the
treatment of ocular infections caused by
susceptible organisms and for acne vulgaris, and they may also be used prophylactically against infection in minor skin abrasions and for the treatment of skin infections caused by sensitive organisms

A

Topical macrolides

92
Q

Should macrolides be taken on an empty stomach?

A

Yes

93
Q

Example include aztreonam

A

Monobactam

94
Q

Monobactams are incompatible with?

A

nafcillin, cephradine, metronidazole

95
Q

What are the new antibiotics and adjuncts?

A

Daptomycin
Fidaxomicin
Linezolid
Tigecycline
Streptogramins, quinupristin, and dalfopristin
Rifaximin

96
Q

treating complicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by
susceptible gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. It must be given IV over 30 minutes, once each day for 7 to 14 days, which makes its use inconvenient.

A

Daptomycin

97
Q

It is approved to treat C. difficile diarrhea and to prevent recurrence.
It is given orally twice a day.

A

Fidaxomicin

98
Q

This drug is indicated specifically for treatment of infections caused
by vancomycin-resistant and methicillin-resistant strains of bacteria.

A

Linezolid

99
Q

It is approved for use in the treatment of complicated skin and skinstructure infections and
intra-abdominal infections caused by susceptible bacteria.

A

Tigecycline

100
Q

effective in treating vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE),
resistant S. aureus, and resistant S. epidermidis

A

Streptogramins, quinupristin and dalfopristin

101
Q

Affects the E. coli bacteria, which cause traveler’s diarrhea. It is
also approved for treating hepatic encephalopathy

A

Rifaximin

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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