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Pharmacology > drugs acting on immune system > Flashcards

drugs acting on immune system Flashcards

1
Q

The body’s defenses include

A

barrier defenses
cellular defenses
the inflammatory response
immune response

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2
Q

Major role of body defenses

A

maintaining homeostasis and preventing diseases

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3
Q

Certain anatomical barriers exist to prevent the entry of foreign pathogens and to serve as important lines of defense in protecting the body. These barriers include

A

skin
mucous membranes
gastric acid
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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4
Q

It is the first line of defense

A

skin

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5
Q

this acts as a physical barrier to protect the internal tissues and organs of the body.

A

skin

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6
Q

these secrete chemicals that destroy or repel many pathogens.

A

glands in the skin

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7
Q

This contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria

A

sebum

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8
Q

The __ layer of the skin falls off daily, which makes it difficult for any pathogen to colonize on the skin.

A

top layer

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9
Q

This line the areas of the body that are exposed to external influences but do not have the benefit of skin protection

A

mucous membranes

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10
Q

Areas covered with mucous membranes include

A

respiratory tract
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
genitourinary (GU) tract

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11
Q

mucous membranes in this area is exposed to air

A

respiratory tract

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12
Q

this area is exposed to anything ingested by
mouth

A

gastrointestinal tract

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13
Q

this area is exposed to many
pathogens from the perineal and rectal area

A

genitourinary tract

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14
Q

It also secretes a sticky mucus capable of trapping invaders and inactivating them for later destruction and removal by the body.

A

mucous membranes

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15
Q

In the conducting airways of the respiratory tract, the mucous membrane is lined with tiny, hair-like processes called

A

cilia

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16
Q

The ___ sweep any captured pathogens or foreign materials upward toward the mouth, where they will be swallowed.

A

cilia

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17
Q

It also can move the captured material to an area causing irritation, which leads to removal by coughing or sneezing

A

cilia

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18
Q

The mucous membrane also secretes mucus that serves as a lubricant throughout the GI tract to facilitate movement of the food bolus and of waste products

A

food bolus and waste products

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18
Q

The stomach secretes __ in response to many stimuli.

A

acid

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19
Q

The body’s last barrier of defense is the ability to distinguish between
self cells and foreign cells.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

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19
Q

The ___ of the stomach not only aids digestion but also destroys many would-be
pathogens that are either ingested or swallowed after removal from the
respiratory tract.

A

acidity

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20
Q

ll of the cells and tissues of each person are
marked for identification as part of that individual’s ___

A

genetic code

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21
Q

the genetic identification
code is carried on a chromosome and is called the

A

major
histocompatibility complex

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22
Q

This produces several proteins called
histocompatibility antigens, or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). These
antigens (proteins) are located on the cell membrane and allow the body
to recognize cells as being self-cells.

A

MHC

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23
Q

The MHC produces several proteins called

A

histocompatibility antigens, or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)

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24
Q

Any foreign pathogen that manages to get past the barrier defenses will
encounter the

A

human inflammatory and immune systems, or the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

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25
Q

Previously called the reticuloendothelial system the MPS is composed
primarily of

A

leukocytes
lymphocytes
lymphoid tissues
numerouschemical mediators

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26
Q

MPS is previously called

A

reticuloendothelial system

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27
Q

these are called White blood cells

A

leukocytes

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28
Q

two types of leukocytes

A

lymphocytes
myelocytes

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29
Q

lymphocytes include?

A

T cells
B cells
Natural killer cells

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29
Q

it is a key component of the immune system and consists of T cells, B cells and natural killer cells

A

lymphocytes

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30
Q

Myelocytes include:

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
monocytes or macrophages

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31
Q

these are polymorphonuclear leukocytes that are capable of moving outside of the
bloodstream (diapedesis) and engulfing and digesting foreign material (phagocytosis).

A

neutrophils

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32
Q

are myelocytic leukocytes that are not capable of phagocytosis.

A

basophils

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33
Q

Basophils contain chemical substances or mediators that are important for initiating and maintaining an immune or inflammatory response. These substances include .

A

histamine,
heparin, and other chemicals used in the inflammatory response

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34
Q

these are circulating myelocytic leukocytes

A

eosinophils

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35
Q

They are often found at the site of allergic reactions and may be responsible for
removing the proteins and active components of the immune reaction from the site of an allergic response

A

eosinophils

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36
Q

other name for macrophages

A

monocytes

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36
Q

They are mature leukocytes that are capable of phagocytizing an antigen.

A

monocytes/macrophages

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37
Q

Fixed basophils that do not circulate
and can be found in respiratory and GI tracts and in the skin

A

mast cells

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37
Q

___ help to remove foreign material from the body, including pathogens, debris from dead cells, and necrotic tissue from injury sites, so that the body can heal. They also can process antigens and present them to active lymphocytes for destruction.

A

macrophages/monocytes

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38
Q

bone marrow stem cells produces what?

A

lymphocytic cells and myelocytic cells

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39
Q

Lymphoid tissues that play an important part in the cellular defense system include

A

lymph nodes
spleen
thymus gland
bone marrow
lymphoid tissue throughout the respiratory and GI tracts.

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40
Q

a bipolar gland located in the middle of the chest, which becomes smaller with age

A

thymus gland

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41
Q

The___ and ___ are important for creation of the cellular components of the MPS.

A

bone marrow and
the thymus gland

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42
Q

The ___ is the local reaction of the body to
invasion or injury

A

inflammatory response

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43
Q

Cell injuries causes the activation of a chemical in the plasma
called

A

Factor XII or Hageman Factor

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44
Q

This factor is responsible for activation of the “kinin” system

A

Hageman factor

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45
Q

Hageman factor activates ___, a substance found in local tissues

A

kallikrein

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46
Q

___ causes the precursor substance kininogen to be converted to
bradykinin

A

kallikrein

47
Q

this causes vasodilation to bring more blood to the injures area

A

bradykinin

48
Q

Bradykinin also causes the release of ___ from the cell membrane

A

arachidonic acid

49
Q

Arachidonic acid causes the release of

A

autochoids

50
Q

This acts like local hormones release from cell and cause an effect on the immediate area

A

autochoids

51
Q

augments the inflammatory reaction and
stimulates nerve endings which causes pain

A

prostaglandins

52
Q

causes vasodilation and increased capillary
permeability and has the property called chemotaxis

A

leukotrienes

53
Q

It is the ability to attract neutrophils and to stimulate them and other macrophages in the area to be very aggressive

A

chemotaxis

54
Q
A
55
Q

causes local vasoconstriction and facilitates
aggregation and blood coagulation

A

Thromboxanes

56
Q

Injury to cells membranes causes the release of ___ which causes vasodilation and brings more blood components to the area

A

histamine

56
Q

___ also increases the permeability of the capillary, making it easier for neutrophils and blood chemicals to leave the blood stream and enter the injure area

A

histamine

57
Q

Inflammatory Response clinical presentation

A

calor (heat
tumor (swelling)
rubor (redness)
dolor (pain)

58
Q

part of inflammatory response clinical presentation and occurs because of the increased blood flow to the area

A

calor (heat)

59
Q

part of inflammatory response clinical presentation that occurs because of the fluid that leaks into the tissues as a result of the change in capillary permeability

A

tumor (swelling)

60
Q

part of inflammatory response clinical presentation related to the increase blood flow caused by the vasodilation

A

rubor (redness)

61
Q

part of inflammatory response clinical presentation that comes from the activation of pain fibers by histamine and the kinin system

A

dolor (pain)

62
Q

The body’s action plan devised to combat invading organisms or substances by leukocyte and antibody activity

A

immune response

63
Q

It is any foreign substance capable of stimulating an immune response

A

Antigen

64
Q

the ability to destroy like antigens

A

immunity

65
Q

an antigen is one that can be readily destroyed by an immune response and immunity results

A

immunogen

66
Q

mediating substances that are released that cause tissue injury and allergic symptoms

A

allergen

67
Q

They may be ingested (foods such as eggs or wheat), inhaled (pollen,
dust, or mold spores), injected (drugs), or absorbed across the skin or
mucous membranes (poison ivy)

A

allergen

68
Q

Immune system organs and cells include

A

B-lymphocytes (plasma cells, memory cells)
T-lymphocytes

69
Q

this originates in the bone marrow develop into plasma cells and memory cells when exposed to antigens

A

B-lymphocytes

70
Q

Secrete large quantities of immunoglobulins or
antibodies, which bind to and destroy specific antigens
(humoral immunity)

A

Plasma cells

71
Q
A
72
Q

Responsible for retaining the formula or ability to produce specific immunoglobulins

A

memory cells

73
Q

mmunoglobulins are classified as

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE

74
Q
  • Account for 70% to 80% of blood lymphocytes and are responsible for
    cell-mediated immunity
  • Produced by the bone marrow but mature under the influence of the
    thymus gland
  • They react specifically to viruses, fungi, and parasites but have an
    effect on all antigens
A

T-lymphocytes

75
Q

Types of T-lymphocytes

A

Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells
Helper T-cells (CD4 cells)
Suppresor T-cells

76
Q

are T lymphocytes that have the specific
feature of binding to the surface of antigens and directly destroying
the cell membrane and therefore the cell (phagocytes)

A

Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells

77
Q

they stimulate B lymphocytes to divide and
mature into plasma cells and begin secreting immunoglobulins

A

Helper T cells(CD4 cells)

78
Q

are T cells that reduce the production of
immunoglobulins against a specific antigen and prevent their
overproduction

A

suppresor T-cells

79
Q

Types of immunity

A

humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity

80
Q

refers to immunity created by antibody production or B-lymphocyte
involvement

A

humoral immunity

81
Q

is the type of immune response caused by T-lymphocyte activity

A

cell-mediated immunity

82
Q
  • begins when helper T cells recognize an antigen and cause activation
    of B lymphocytes
  • The specific B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells and begin
    creation of specific immunoglobulins that mark the antigen for
    destruction
A

humoral immunity

83
Q

immunity which happens when Cytotoxic T cells attack and directly destroy invading antigens through the release of chemical compounds on the antigen membrane, injection of a toxin directly into the antigen, or secretion of lymphokines

A

cell-mediated immunity

84
Q

Are chemicals that are secreted by cells that have been invaded by viruses and
possibly by other stimuli and prevents viral replication and also suppress malignant cell replication and tumor growth

A

interferons

85
Q

Chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influence other leukocytes

A

interleukins

86
Q

___ stimulates T and B cells to initiate an immune response.

A

Interleukin 1 (IL-1)

87
Q

___ is released from active T cells to stimulate the production of more T cells and to increase the activity of B cells, cytotoxic cells, and natural killer cells

A

IL-2

88
Q

Interleukins also cause __-—all things that help the body to conserve energy for use in fighting off the invader

A

fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and slow-wave sleep induction

89
Q

a cytokine and is a chemical released by macrophages, which inhibits tumor growth and can actually cause tumor regression

A

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

90
Q

The__ is designed to protect the body from injury and
pathogens. It employs a variety of potent chemical mediators to produce
the reaction that helps to destroy pathogens and promote healing

A

inflammatory response

91
Q

____ generally block or alter the chemical reactions associated with the inflammatory response to stop one or more of the signs
and symptoms of inflammation

A

Anti-inflammatory agents

92
Q

are among the most commonly used pain medications.
* They’re used to control pain and reduce fever and inflammation.Block inflammatory
response, antipyretic (fever-blocking, and analgesic (pain-blocking properties
* They were extracted from willow bark, poplar trees, and other plants by ancient
people to treat fever, pain, and what we now call inflammation.
* They are generally available without prescription and are relatively non toxic when used as directed

A

salicylates

93
Q

example of salicylates

A

aspirin
Balsalazide
choline magnesium trisalicylate
diflunisal
mesalamine
olsalazine,
salsalat
sodium thiosalicylate

94
Q

a most widely used salicylate

A

aspirin

95
Q

The antipyretic effect of ___ may be related to blocking of a prostaglandin
mediator of pyrogens (chemicals that cause an increase in body temperature
and that are released by active white blood cells) at the thermoregulatory center
of the hypothalamus.

A

salicylates

96
Q

At low levels, aspirin also affects platelet aggregation by inhibiting the synthesis of
__, a potent vasoconstrictor that normally increases platelet
aggregation and blood clot formation.

A

thromboxane A2

97
Q

At higher levels, aspirin inhibits the synthesis of __, a vasodilator that
inhibits platelet aggregation.

A

prostacyclin

98
Q

provide strong antiinflammatory and analgesic effects without the adverse
effects associated with the corticosteroids

A

non steroidal antiinflammatory agents

99
Q

non steroidal antiinflammatory agents group of drugs include

A

propionic acids
acetic acids
fenamates,
oxicam derivatives
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors

100
Q

The ___ are indicated for relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid
arthritis and osteoarthritis, for relief of mild to moderate pain, for treatment of
primary dysmenorrhea, and for fever reduction.

A

NSAIDs

101
Q

used to treat pain, arthritis in adults

A

fenoprofen
oxaprozin

102
Q

used in long term management of arthritis; topically to manage pain after eye surgery in adults

A

flurbiprofen

103
Q

used in treatment of pain, arthritis, dysmenorrhea, juvenile arthritis

A

ibuprofen
naproxen

104
Q

used in short-term management of pain; long term management of arthritis

A

ketoprofen

105
Q

example of NSAID Propionic Acids

A

fenoprofen
oxaprozin
ibuprofen
naproxen
ketoprofen
flurbiprofen

106
Q

example of acetic acids

A

diclofenac
etodolac
indomethacin
ketorolac
nabumetone
sulindac
tolmetin

107
Q

example of fenamates

A

meclofenamate
mefenamic acid

108
Q

oxicam derivatives

A

meloxicam
piroxicam

109
Q

cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor example

A

celecoxib

110
Q

The NSAIDs are rapidly absorbed from the GI tract, reaching peak levels in

A

1 to 3
hours

111
Q

is a potentially debilitating inflammatory process in the joints that causes pain and bone deformities.

A

arthritis

112
Q

include one gold compound, which is
used to prevent and suppress arthritis in selected patients
with rheumatoid arthritis.

A

antiarthritis drugs

113
Q

gold compounds example

A

auranofin

114
Q

tumor necrosis factor blockers

A

adalimumab
certolizumab
etanercept
golimumab
infliximab

115
Q

treatment with gold salts, also known as __, in which gold is taken up by macrophages, which then inhibit phagocytosis

A

chrysotherapy

116
Q

The gold salt available for use is

A

auranofin (Ridaura)

117
Q

Chrysotherapy results in inhibition of

A

phagocytosis

117
Q

__ are often the first class used with progressing arthritis

A

TNF blockers

118
Q

TNF blockers act to decrease the local effects of TNF, a locally released
__ that can cause the death of tumor cells and stimulate a wide
range of proinflammatory activities

A

cytokine

119
Q

other antiarthritis drugs

A

anakinra
hyaluronidase derivatives
leflunomide
penicillamine
sarilumab
sodium hyaluronate
tofacitnib

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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