drugs acting on immune system Flashcards
1
Q
The body’s defenses include
A
barrier defenses
cellular defenses
the inflammatory response
immune response
2
Q
Major role of body defenses
A
maintaining homeostasis and preventing diseases
3
Q
Certain anatomical barriers exist to prevent the entry of foreign pathogens and to serve as important lines of defense in protecting the body. These barriers include
A
skin
mucous membranes
gastric acid
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
4
Q
It is the first line of defense
A
skin
5
Q
this acts as a physical barrier to protect the internal tissues and organs of the body.
A
skin
6
Q
these secrete chemicals that destroy or repel many pathogens.
A
glands in the skin
7
Q
This contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria
A
sebum
8
Q
The __ layer of the skin falls off daily, which makes it difficult for any pathogen to colonize on the skin.
A
top layer
9
Q
This line the areas of the body that are exposed to external influences but do not have the benefit of skin protection
A
mucous membranes
10
Q
Areas covered with mucous membranes include
A
respiratory tract
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
genitourinary (GU) tract
11
Q
mucous membranes in this area is exposed to air
A
respiratory tract
12
Q
this area is exposed to anything ingested by
mouth
A
gastrointestinal tract
13
Q
this area is exposed to many
pathogens from the perineal and rectal area
A
genitourinary tract
14
Q
It also secretes a sticky mucus capable of trapping invaders and inactivating them for later destruction and removal by the body.
A
mucous membranes
15
Q
In the conducting airways of the respiratory tract, the mucous membrane is lined with tiny, hair-like processes called
A
cilia
16
Q
The ___ sweep any captured pathogens or foreign materials upward toward the mouth, where they will be swallowed.
A
cilia
17
Q
It also can move the captured material to an area causing irritation, which leads to removal by coughing or sneezing
A
cilia
18
Q
The mucous membrane also secretes mucus that serves as a lubricant throughout the GI tract to facilitate movement of the food bolus and of waste products
A
food bolus and waste products
18
Q
The stomach secretes __ in response to many stimuli.
A
acid
19
Q
The body’s last barrier of defense is the ability to distinguish between
self cells and foreign cells.
A
Major Histocompatibility Complex
19
Q
The ___ of the stomach not only aids digestion but also destroys many would-be
pathogens that are either ingested or swallowed after removal from the
respiratory tract.
A
acidity
20
Q
ll of the cells and tissues of each person are
marked for identification as part of that individual’s ___
A
genetic code
21
Q
the genetic identification
code is carried on a chromosome and is called the
A
major
histocompatibility complex
22
Q
This produces several proteins called
histocompatibility antigens, or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). These
antigens (proteins) are located on the cell membrane and allow the body
to recognize cells as being self-cells.
A
MHC
23
The MHC produces several proteins called
histocompatibility antigens, or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
24
Any foreign pathogen that manages to get past the barrier defenses will
encounter the
human inflammatory and immune systems, or the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
25
Previously called the reticuloendothelial system the MPS is composed
primarily of
leukocytes
lymphocytes
lymphoid tissues
numerouschemical mediators
26
MPS is previously called
reticuloendothelial system
27
these are called White blood cells
leukocytes
28
two types of leukocytes
lymphocytes
myelocytes
29
lymphocytes include?
T cells
B cells
Natural killer cells
29
it is a key component of the immune system and consists of T cells, B cells and natural killer cells
lymphocytes
30
Myelocytes include:
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
monocytes or macrophages
31
these are polymorphonuclear leukocytes that are capable of moving outside of the
bloodstream (diapedesis) and engulfing and digesting foreign material (phagocytosis).
neutrophils
32
are myelocytic leukocytes that are not capable of phagocytosis.
basophils
33
Basophils contain chemical substances or mediators that are important for initiating and maintaining an immune or inflammatory response. These substances include .
histamine,
heparin, and other chemicals used in the inflammatory response
34
these are circulating myelocytic leukocytes
eosinophils
35
They are often found at the site of allergic reactions and may be responsible for
removing the proteins and active components of the immune reaction from the site of an allergic response
eosinophils
36
other name for macrophages
monocytes
36
They are mature leukocytes that are capable of phagocytizing an antigen.
monocytes/macrophages
37
Fixed basophils that do not circulate
and can be found in respiratory and GI tracts and in the skin
mast cells
37
___ help to remove foreign material from the body, including pathogens, debris from dead cells, and necrotic tissue from injury sites, so that the body can heal. They also can process antigens and present them to active lymphocytes for destruction.
macrophages/monocytes
38
bone marrow stem cells produces what?
lymphocytic cells and myelocytic cells
39
Lymphoid tissues that play an important part in the cellular defense system include
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus gland
bone marrow
lymphoid tissue throughout the respiratory and GI tracts.
40
a bipolar gland located in the middle of the chest, which becomes smaller with age
thymus gland
41
The___ and ___ are important for creation of the cellular components of the MPS.
bone marrow and
the thymus gland
42
The ___ is the local reaction of the body to
invasion or injury
inflammatory response
43
Cell injuries causes the activation of a chemical in the plasma
called
Factor XII or Hageman Factor
44
This factor is responsible for activation of the “kinin” system
Hageman factor
45
Hageman factor activates ___, a substance found in local tissues
kallikrein
46
___ causes the precursor substance kininogen to be converted to
bradykinin
kallikrein
47
this causes vasodilation to bring more blood to the injures area
bradykinin
48
Bradykinin also causes the release of ___ from the cell membrane
arachidonic acid
49
Arachidonic acid causes the release of
autochoids
50
This acts like local hormones release from cell and cause an effect on the immediate area
autochoids
51
augments the inflammatory reaction and
stimulates nerve endings which causes pain
prostaglandins
52
causes vasodilation and increased capillary
permeability and has the property called chemotaxis
leukotrienes
53
It is the ability to attract neutrophils and to stimulate them and other macrophages in the area to be very aggressive
chemotaxis
54
55
causes local vasoconstriction and facilitates
aggregation and blood coagulation
Thromboxanes
56
Injury to cells membranes causes the release of ___ which causes vasodilation and brings more blood components to the area
histamine
56
___ also increases the permeability of the capillary, making it easier for neutrophils and blood chemicals to leave the blood stream and enter the injure area
histamine
57
Inflammatory Response clinical presentation
calor (heat
tumor (swelling)
rubor (redness)
dolor (pain)
58
part of inflammatory response clinical presentation and occurs because of the increased blood flow to the area
calor (heat)
59
part of inflammatory response clinical presentation that occurs because of the fluid that leaks into the tissues as a result of the change in capillary permeability
tumor (swelling)
60
part of inflammatory response clinical presentation related to the increase blood flow caused by the vasodilation
rubor (redness)
61
part of inflammatory response clinical presentation that comes from the activation of pain fibers by histamine and the kinin system
dolor (pain)
62
The body’s action plan devised to combat invading organisms or substances by leukocyte and antibody activity
immune response
63
It is any foreign substance capable of stimulating an immune response
Antigen
64
the ability to destroy like antigens
immunity
65
an antigen is one that can be readily destroyed by an immune response and immunity results
immunogen
66
mediating substances that are released that cause tissue injury and allergic symptoms
allergen
67
They may be ingested (foods such as eggs or wheat), inhaled (pollen,
dust, or mold spores), injected (drugs), or absorbed across the skin or
mucous membranes (poison ivy)
allergen
68
Immune system organs and cells include
B-lymphocytes (plasma cells, memory cells)
T-lymphocytes
69
this originates in the bone marrow develop into plasma cells and memory cells when exposed to antigens
B-lymphocytes
70
Secrete large quantities of immunoglobulins or
antibodies, which bind to and destroy specific antigens
(humoral immunity)
Plasma cells
71
72
Responsible for retaining the formula or ability to produce specific immunoglobulins
memory cells
73
mmunoglobulins are classified as
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE
74
* Account for 70% to 80% of blood lymphocytes and are responsible for
cell-mediated immunity
* Produced by the bone marrow but mature under the influence of the
thymus gland
* They react specifically to viruses, fungi, and parasites but have an
effect on all antigens
T-lymphocytes
75
Types of T-lymphocytes
Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells
Helper T-cells (CD4 cells)
Suppresor T-cells
76
are T lymphocytes that have the specific
feature of binding to the surface of antigens and directly destroying
the cell membrane and therefore the cell (phagocytes)
Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells
77
they stimulate B lymphocytes to divide and
mature into plasma cells and begin secreting immunoglobulins
Helper T cells(CD4 cells)
78
are T cells that reduce the production of
immunoglobulins against a specific antigen and prevent their
overproduction
suppresor T-cells
79
Types of immunity
humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity
80
refers to immunity created by antibody production or B-lymphocyte
involvement
humoral immunity
81
is the type of immune response caused by T-lymphocyte activity
cell-mediated immunity
82
* begins when helper T cells recognize an antigen and cause activation
of B lymphocytes
* The specific B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells and begin
creation of specific immunoglobulins that mark the antigen for
destruction
humoral immunity
83
immunity which happens when Cytotoxic T cells attack and directly destroy invading antigens through the release of chemical compounds on the antigen membrane, injection of a toxin directly into the antigen, or secretion of lymphokines
cell-mediated immunity
84
Are chemicals that are secreted by cells that have been invaded by viruses and
possibly by other stimuli and prevents viral replication and also suppress malignant cell replication and tumor growth
interferons
85
Chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influence other leukocytes
interleukins
86
___ stimulates T and B cells to initiate an immune response.
Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
87
___ is released from active T cells to stimulate the production of more T cells and to increase the activity of B cells, cytotoxic cells, and natural killer cells
IL-2
88
Interleukins also cause __-—all things that help the body to conserve energy for use in fighting off the invader
fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and slow-wave sleep induction
89
a cytokine and is a chemical released by macrophages, which inhibits tumor growth and can actually cause tumor regression
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
90
The__ is designed to protect the body from injury and
pathogens. It employs a variety of potent chemical mediators to produce
the reaction that helps to destroy pathogens and promote healing
inflammatory response
91
____ generally block or alter the chemical reactions associated with the inflammatory response to stop one or more of the signs
and symptoms of inflammation
Anti-inflammatory agents
92
are among the most commonly used pain medications.
* They’re used to control pain and reduce fever and inflammation.Block inflammatory
response, antipyretic (fever-blocking, and analgesic (pain-blocking properties
* They were extracted from willow bark, poplar trees, and other plants by ancient
people to treat fever, pain, and what we now call inflammation.
* They are generally available without prescription and are relatively non toxic when used as directed
salicylates
93
example of salicylates
aspirin
Balsalazide
choline magnesium trisalicylate
diflunisal
mesalamine
olsalazine,
salsalat
sodium thiosalicylate
94
a most widely used salicylate
aspirin
95
The antipyretic effect of ___ may be related to blocking of a prostaglandin
mediator of pyrogens (chemicals that cause an increase in body temperature
and that are released by active white blood cells) at the thermoregulatory center
of the hypothalamus.
salicylates
96
At low levels, aspirin also affects platelet aggregation by inhibiting the synthesis of
__, a potent vasoconstrictor that normally increases platelet
aggregation and blood clot formation.
thromboxane A2
97
At higher levels, aspirin inhibits the synthesis of __, a vasodilator that
inhibits platelet aggregation.
prostacyclin
98
provide strong antiinflammatory and analgesic effects without the adverse
effects associated with the corticosteroids
non steroidal antiinflammatory agents
99
non steroidal antiinflammatory agents group of drugs include
propionic acids
acetic acids
fenamates,
oxicam derivatives
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
100
The ___ are indicated for relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid
arthritis and osteoarthritis, for relief of mild to moderate pain, for treatment of
primary dysmenorrhea, and for fever reduction.
NSAIDs
101
used to treat pain, arthritis in adults
fenoprofen
oxaprozin
102
used in long term management of arthritis; topically to manage pain after eye surgery in adults
flurbiprofen
103
used in treatment of pain, arthritis, dysmenorrhea, juvenile arthritis
ibuprofen
naproxen
104
used in short-term management of pain; long term management of arthritis
ketoprofen
105
example of NSAID Propionic Acids
fenoprofen
oxaprozin
ibuprofen
naproxen
ketoprofen
flurbiprofen
106
example of acetic acids
diclofenac
etodolac
indomethacin
ketorolac
nabumetone
sulindac
tolmetin
107
example of fenamates
meclofenamate
mefenamic acid
108
oxicam derivatives
meloxicam
piroxicam
109
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor example
celecoxib
110
The NSAIDs are rapidly absorbed from the GI tract, reaching peak levels in
1 to 3
hours
111
is a potentially debilitating inflammatory process in the joints that causes pain and bone deformities.
arthritis
112
include one gold compound, which is
used to prevent and suppress arthritis in selected patients
with rheumatoid arthritis.
antiarthritis drugs
113
gold compounds example
auranofin
114
tumor necrosis factor blockers
adalimumab
certolizumab
etanercept
golimumab
infliximab
115
treatment with gold salts, also known as __, in which gold is taken up by macrophages, which then inhibit phagocytosis
chrysotherapy
116
The gold salt available for use is
auranofin (Ridaura)
117
Chrysotherapy results in inhibition of
phagocytosis
117
__ are often the first class used with progressing arthritis
TNF blockers
118
TNF blockers act to decrease the local effects of TNF, a locally released
__ that can cause the death of tumor cells and stimulate a wide
range of proinflammatory activities
cytokine
119
other antiarthritis drugs
anakinra
hyaluronidase derivatives
leflunomide
penicillamine
sarilumab
sodium hyaluronate
tofacitnib
