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XHuman Factors > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Internal (cellular) respiration converts inhaled Oxygen (O) into energy .
What gas is the product of this conversion?

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a product of this conversion ​

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2
Q

The mixture between CO2 and resident Water Vapor (H2O), produces what?

A

Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) making the blood acid​

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3
Q

An excess of H2CO3 will cause excessive what?

A

An excess of H2CO3 will cause excessive acidity. ( pH < 7)​

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4
Q

The body want’s to reset balanced values so it does what?​

A

Breathing rate, blood pressure and heart rate, increase,to reset balanced values​

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5
Q

Normal Breathing Rate =

A

12 to 20 bpm, averaging 16 bpm

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6
Q

What in the body senses the PH level and demands an increased rate of respiration

A

Central Chemoreceptors

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7
Q

What is ISA temperature

A

15°c

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8
Q

What is ISA pressure?

A

760 mm Hg / 29,92 PSI / 1013,2 hPa

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9
Q

What is ISA density?

A

1225 g/m3​

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10
Q

What gasses are in the atmosphere?

A

21% oxygen
78% nitrogen

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11
Q

How can you describe the change in oxygen/nitrogen proportions in the atmosphere as you ascend.

A

Doesn’t change

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12
Q

Name the following:

Low arterial PO2​ caused by

High altitude; alveolar hypoventilation; ​
decreased lung diffusion capacity; ​
abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratio

A

Hypoxic hypoxia

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13
Q

What is being described?

Decreased total amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin​

Caused by:

Blood loss; anemia (low [Hb] or altered HbO2 binding); carbon monoxide poisoning​

A

Anemic hypoxia

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14
Q

What factors determine the severity of hypoxia

A

Altitude​
Time of exposure​
Temperature​
Physical Activity​

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15
Q

Hemoglobin saturation​ at sea level is

A

97,5% saturated with oxygen ​

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16
Q

Hemoglobin saturation​ at 10,000ft is

A

87% saturated with oxygen ​

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17
Q

Hemoglobin saturation​ at 20,000ft is

A

65% saturated with oxygen

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18
Q

What are common causes of Anemic Hypoxia - inability of blood to carry oxygen​

A

Medical condition​
Carbon monoxide poisoning​

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19
Q

Stagnant hypoxia is what kind of issue?

A

Circulatory

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20
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia is what kind of issue?

A

Cells are poisoned
(Drugs/Alcohol/Chemicals)

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21
Q

Initial hypoxia symptoms:​

A

Tingling in hands and feet​
Cyanosis​ - turning cyan
Increased rate of breathing​
Headache, nausea, dizziness, sweating​
Mood change (irritability / euphoria)​

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22
Q

Further hypoxia symptoms:​

A

Impaired vision​
Impaired judgement ​
Muscular impairment ​
Memory impairment​
Concentration impairment​
Drowsiness​
Slurred speech ​

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23
Q

Cyanosis is only ever a symptom of

A

Hypoxia

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24
Q

Minimum Safe Altitude , or Physiological Altitude is located at

A

10.000 feet ​

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25
Q

Night vision CAN be affected from which altitude

A

5000ft

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26
Q

40,000ft and above and what needs to happen to your oxygen supply

A

pressurised

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27
Q

When it comes to oxygen levels, describe an initial Complete Compensatory Stage including altitude

A

5,000 - 12,000ft
Body fully compensates the deficiency of oxygen by automatically changing the cardiac output and no Hypoxia related disturbances occur here.

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28
Q

When it comes to oxygen levels, describe Partial Compensatory Stage including altitude

A

12,000 - 20,000ft
a drastic increase in breathing is needed to maintain proper cardiovascular function and a degradation of the nervous functions start to take place ​

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29
Q

Oxygen will need pressurising over what altitude?

A

40,000ft

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30
Q

Over which altitude do you need 100% (not pressurised) oxygen

A

33,700ft

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31
Q

Hypoxia prevention

A

Ensure a serviceable supplementary supply of oxygen​
Brief passengers on adequate use​
Fly only if you are 100% fit and you are not taking any medication or drugs​
Ensure that cabin heaters and ventilators are thoroughly checked and serviceable​
Execute Checklists for Pressurization System Settings​

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32
Q

Hypoxia countermeasures

A

Provide oxygen​
Descend to Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)

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33
Q

TUC means?

A

Time of useful consciousness

Time between oxygen being removed to not longer being useful

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34
Q

Effective performance time

A

EPT

35
Q

TUC 20,000ft

A

30mins

36
Q

TUC 30,000ft

A

1 -2 mins

37
Q

TUC 35,000ft

A

30 - 90 seconds

38
Q

TUC 40,000ft

A

15 - 20 seconds

39
Q

The human body’s PH is in average (ish)

A

7.40 (7.35 to 7.45)

40
Q

Define hyperventilation

A

An excessive rate and depth of breathing.

Breathing too much

41
Q

If you experience hyperventilation the you will change what in the blood

A

Acid level which regulates the breathing

42
Q

Hyperventilation symptoms

A

Increase rate and depth of breathing​
Paleness of skin​
Muscle spasms​
Anxiety​

Dizziness​
Nausea​
Numbness​
Visual disturbance

43
Q

A name for:
quick simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of fixation in the same direction

A

Saccade

44
Q

What are the names for the muscles that move the eye balls?

A

The ciliary muscle plays a crucial role in accommodation, which allows us to focus on objects at varying distances.

45
Q

Eye ball anatomy

A

look it up

46
Q

Accommodation mean?

A
47
Q

Cones

A

Colour
Clarity
Centre

48
Q

Rods

A

Round the edges
Rhopsin
Peripheral vision

49
Q

Central vision + peripheral vision =

A

visual field

50
Q

Light adaptation Dark > light takes how long

A

10 seconds

51
Q

Light adaptation Light > Dark takes how long

A

Cones - 7 mins
Rods - 30 mins (Rhodopsin)

52
Q

Which part of the eye takes 30mins to adjust to the dark?

A

Rods (Rhodopsin)

53
Q

Night vision is…
and effected by…

A

Affected above 5,000ft​
Affecting factors​
age ​
hypoxia​
altitude​
Smoking (20 cigarettes/day - night vision degradation of approximately 20%)​
Alcohol​
Lifestyle​

​

54
Q

Visual defects – colour vision deficiency

A
55
Q

What type of vision runs out at 200ft / 60m

A

Binocular – stereoscopic​

56
Q

Myopic eye is known as ____ and corrected by

A

Short sighted
Diverging lens to correct

57
Q

Hypermetropia​ is know as _____ sighted and corrected

A

Long sighted
Converging lens to correct

58
Q

astigmatism is a wonky

A

cornea

59
Q

Presbyopia is what?

A

Age related long sightedness

60
Q

Cataracts are what?

A

Cloudy lens’

61
Q

Glaucoma is what?

A

Pressure in the eye
Insidious onset
eye pressure test
drainage canal blocked

62
Q

Which colour lens’ should you use?

A

Orange/yellow

63
Q

What kinds of glasses are you allowed?

A

Contacts
Half moon / lookover
bifocal

64
Q

What kinds of glasses are you not allowed?

A

bifocal contacts
varifocals
photo reactive

65
Q

Describe:
Pinna

A

Flappy bit

66
Q

Describe:
Auditory canal

A

tube you can stick a cotton bud into

67
Q

Describe:
Tympanic membrane

A

Ear drum

68
Q

Describe:
Ossicles

A

3 bones attached to the Typanic membrane

69
Q

What are the names for the 3 bones that make up the Ossicles

A

Incus
Malleus
Stapes

70
Q

Describe:
Vestibular system

A

Semi-circular canals

71
Q

Describe:
Cochlea

A

Snail, connected to ossicles and full of liquid. Hairs on the inside

72
Q

Describe:
Eustachian tube

A

Drain from middle ear (inside of tympanic membrane) to back of throat

73
Q

What altitude do we pressurise a commercial aircraft to?

A

6000 - 8000ft

74
Q

Providing what is not blocked, ear drum pressurisation shouldn’t be a problem.

A

Eustachian Tube

75
Q

NIHL stands for
and what threshold are we looking at?

A

Noise induced hearing loss
90DB

76
Q

Angular acceleration is sensed by the ____________ ______

A

Semicircular canals

77
Q

Static head position + linear acceleration =

A

otolith organs

78
Q

Without external cues, what is your circadian rhythm

A

25hours

79
Q

How long is your circadian rhythm?

A

24hours

80
Q

Body temperature is approx

A

37°c

81
Q

What is a major controller of circadian rhythm

A

body temperature

82
Q

Between roughly 0200 and 0600 is described as the

A

window of circadian low

83
Q

In a time difference how long will it take someone to recover for time difference

A

1 day for each 90mins of time difference

84
Q
A

XHuman Factors (10 decks)

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